SAM is a member of the Stenham Asset Management Group. The Stenham Asset Management Group
includes the following four subsidiaries, which are wholly owned by Stenham Asset Management
Holdings Limited, unless otherwise indicated:
1. Stenham Asset Management Inc. (“SAM”), which was incorporated on January 10, 1992 in the British
Virgin Islands, operates out of Guernsey, Channel Islands, and is regulated by both the Guernsey
Financial Services Commission and the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission. SAM,
acting through its independent Investment Committee (“IC”), is the investment adviser to the
Stenham Funds and the bespoke (customised) segregated accounts.
SAM’s Investment Committee Members are:
Michael Fienberg, Non‐Executive Director of SAM and Chairman of the Investment Committee 45
Years Investment Experience, 24 Years with Stenham
Michael, born 1947, is a Non‐Executive Director of Stenham Limited, its main operating subsidiaries
and its investment funds, including the Stenham Funds. He is also Chairman of the Stenham Asset
Management Investment Committee, chairs the Stenham Group’s Audit and Risk Committees and
provides independent oversight of the Operational Due Diligence process. In addition, he is a member
of the Group Remuneration Committee. Michael joined Stenham in 1994 as Managing Director of
Stenham Asset Management and was the Group Managing Director from 2000 until 2010. Prior to
joining Stenham, he initially worked in the life assurance industry as an actuary and later in the field
of business finance and trading, both in South Africa and in the UK after moving to the UK in 1988.
He obtained his BA (Hons) in Mathematics, Statistics, Economics and Econometrics from the
University of Natal in South Africa. He qualified as a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, London, holds
the Investment Management Certificate, which is awarded by the CFA Society of the United Kingdom
upon successful completion of the examination program.
Russel Michel, Chairman of Stenham Asset Management, Guernsey and member of the Investment
Committee
27 years investment experience, 22 years with Stenham
Russel, born 1961, is Chairman of Stenham Asset Management, a member of the Investment
Committee and a Director of the Stenham Funds. For 10 years, he was Managing Director in Guernsey.
He has developed back office capability including systems and reporting to support the growth in
assets under management from $70m, and enhanced service levels to meet the requirements of the
institutional client base. Prior to joining Stenham, he was a Director of Lazards Fund Management’s
operations in Guernsey. Russel qualified as a Chartered Accountant with Reads & Company,
Guernsey.
Catherine Griggs, Managing Director, Stenham Asset Management, Guernsey and member of the
Investment Committee
30 years investment experience, 18 years with Stenham/Montier
Catherine, born 1965, is Managing Director of Stenham Asset Management Inc and Stenham
Management Services (C.I.) Limited and is a Director of the Stenham Funds. She held the position of
Partner and Chief Financial Officer at Montier Partners LLP from 2000 until the Montier business was
acquired by Stenham in 2010. Upon joining Stenham, she was Finance and Client Services Manager,
and in 2013 was promoted to her current role of Managing Director. Prior to joining Montier, she
worked in the hedge fund industry as Group Financial Controller and later in compliance and general
management at the Gaiacorp Group. Catherine is a Chartered Certified Accountant (FCCA) and
obtained a degree in Accounting and Finance (BA Hons) from the University of the West of England.
Simon Bourge, Non‐Executive Director of the Stenham Funds and member of the Investment
Committee
21 years investment experience, 14 years with Stenham/Montier
Simon, born 1961, is a member of the Investment Committee and a non‐executive director of the
Stenham Funds. He is also Managing Director of Bourse Trust Company specialising in company tax
structuring. After being called to the Bar in 1984 he established a series of successful professional
services businesses as well as developing a significant company law practice before moving to
Guernsey in 1998 to establish Bourse Trust Company. Simon has over twenty years’ experience in
company law and administration and is a non‐executive director of several significant international
trading and financial concerns.
Further information on the Investment Committee: Disciplinary Information No member of the Investment Committee has any disciplinary history to report.
Other Business Activities
Other than Mr. Bourge who has interests in a Fiduciary business outside the Stenham Group, none
of the Investment Committee members have any business interests outside the Stenham Group
for which they receive compensation and which constitute 10% or more of their time and
compensation.
Additional Compensation No additional compensation is provided to any member of the Investment Committee.
Supervision No investment decision is approved without full support and approval of all members of the
Investment Committee, in accordance with the Investment Committee’s Charter.
2. Stenham Management Services (C.I.) Limited (“SMSCI”), which was registered as an investment
manager in Guernsey on November 21, 2005, is regulated by the Guernsey Financial Services
Commission. SMSCI, as Manager of the Stenham Funds, outsources the investment advisory function
to SAM, which is the entity that makes the investment decisions for the Funds, which are then
executed by SMSCI.
3. Stenham Advisors Plc (“SAP”), which was incorporated in the United Kingdom on May 27, 1993, is
authorised and regulated by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority. SAP provides investment research
to SAM and is a distributor and a non‐exclusive sales agent of the Stenham Funds in the U.K. and
other non‐U.S. jurisdictions. SAP has its own Investment Advisory Committee (“IAC”), supported by
an extensive research and operational due diligence team, but it does not provide investment advice
directly to any Stenham Fund or other Client account.
4. Stenham Ltd, which was incorporated in Israel on 6 March 2019. We are in the process of applying for
regulatory approval from the Israel Securities Authority. Stenham Limited was formed to service a
number of clients in Israel and to market Stenham Products in the region.
SAM is a wholly owned subsidiary of Stenham Asset Management Holdings Limited, a British Virgin
Islands (“BVI”) corporation (“SAM Holdings”). SAM Holdings, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of
Stenham Group Limited, a BVI corporation, which is wholly‐owned by Stenham Limited, also a BVI
corporation. Stenham Limited, an international financial services group providing a range of
alternative asset management solutions, is wholly‐owned by Peregrine Financial Services Holdings
Limited, a Republic of South Africa corporation, which is wholly‐owned by Peregrine Holdings Limited
(“Peregrine”), a Republic of South Africa corporation whose shares are listed on the Johannesburg
Securities Exchange. Peregrine is a leading provider of wealth and alternative asset management
solutions in South Africa and Europe, with assets under management of approximately US $8.4 billion
(as at March 31, 2019). .
SAM provides investment management services to high net worth individuals, family offices, private
banks, trust companies, institutions and pension funds, as well as to the Stenham Funds. The
investment management services are provided to Clients located in the UK, Europe, Channel Islands,
the Caribbean, South Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Mauritius and Japan, and SAM is
expanding its services into the United States. As at April 30, 2019 SAM managed approximately US
$1,700 million on a discretionary basis and approximately US $6 million on a non‐discretionary basis.
Overview of Investment Management Services
SAM manages Client assets by investing such assets in hedge funds (“Underlying Funds”) managed
by third party managers (“Portfolio Managers”) that employ various strategies and which can invest
or trade in a wide variety of securities and other instruments, including, but not limited to, equities
and fixed income securities, currencies, commodities, futures contracts, options and other derivative
instruments.
SAM provides its investment management services through a number of Stenham Funds which invest
in such Underlying Funds or through the management of bespoke (i.e., customised) segregated
accounts for individual Clients. The Underlying Funds utilised include privately‐offered, publicly‐
traded and registered mutual funds managed by these Portfolio Managers
Stenham Funds: The Stenham Funds are offshore domiciled funds established in either the British
Virgin Islands as mutual funds, in Guernsey as protected cell investment companies. Each Stenham
Fund is established for investment by multiple investors and invests on a strategic basis in a variety
of Underlying Funds. The SAM Investment Committee establishes the guidelines for the Stenham
Funds, and utilising research input from SAP, SAM makes the investment decisions. Investment
guidelines for each Stenham Fund are described in the Offering Materials of each Fund.
Stenham Managed Portfolios Services: SAM offers Clients the flexibility of investing directly in
Underlying Funds or Stenham Funds through bespoke managed accounts (each, a “Stenham
Managed Portfolio” or, sometimes, a “Portfolio”). In addition, institutional Clients may invest in their
own single investor Fund structure. SAM’s portfolio management team works with each Client to
establish a portfolio mandate which may be on a discretionary, non‐discretionary or advisory only
basis. In this manner, Stenham Managed Portfolios can be tailored to the individual needs of Clients.
Investment Approach
SAM’s investment philosophy is to deliver consistent capital growth by implementing a strategy of
diversification to control the level of risk in a Client’s portfolio, through investing in “absolute return”
investment strategies.
Key features of SAM’s investment process are as follow:
Strategy Allocation
Strategy allocation is a significant part of SAM’s investment process. SAM selects individual hedge
strategies according to its assessment of the risks driving returns in the context of its forward‐
looking view of the global macro environment and its outlook for different hedge fund strategies.
The most important input to formulating its macro view is its detailed evaluation of, and constant
communication with, hedge fund managers.
Manager Selection
A rigorous due diligence process conducted by SAM’s affiliate, SAP, including qualitative,
quantitative and operational research, is undertaken. This research seeks out the best hedge
fund managers globally who, SAM believes, can consistently deliver alpha without taking
excessive risks.
Portfolio Construction.
Using quantitative models with a qualitative overlay, SAM builds robust portfolios ensuring
geographical diversification across uncorrelated hedge strategies and Portfolio Managers.
Risk Management
On an on‐going basis, SAM manages Client risk through careful monitoring of Client portfolios.
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Management fees charged by SAM to Stenham Funds and Stenham Managed Portfolios are typically
based on a percentage of the net asset value of the particular Fund or Managed Portfolio at the close
of business on the date the fee accrues or as otherwise stipulated in the Stenham Fund’s Offering
Materials or the investment management agreement (“Management Agreement”) entered into with
each Stenham Managed Portfolio Client. Such fees are accrued and paid monthly or quarterly in
arrears as specified in the particular Offering Materials or Management Agreement. Accounts
established or terminated during the relevant monthly or quarterly period will be charged a pro‐rated
fee based on the period the account was managed.
In addition to the management fees described above, Stenham Funds and Stenham Managed
Portfolios may pay a performance‐based fee based on the performance of their investment.
Performance‐based fees are typically computed with respect to realised and unrealised profits, and
are based on the increase in the net asset value (“NAV”) of a Fund share or a Portfolio over the
previous highest NAV per share or Portfolio (the “high water mark”) in a period, but only after any
applicable loss carry forward has been recouped and, in some cases, after a hurdle is exceeded.
Performance‐based fees accrue on a monthly basis and are paid in respect of each calendar year.
In cases where a Stenham Fund invests in other Stenham Funds, or where a Stenham Managed
Portfolio invests in one or more Stenham Funds, there is no double charging. In these instances, fees
are levied only once at the Fund in which the assets are invested, and no fee is charged at the level
of the investing Fund or the Stenham Managed Portfolio.
Stenham Funds As noted above, details of each Stenham Fund’s management fees are set out in the Offering
Materials for the relevant Fund. Management fees paid to SAM by each Stenham Fund generally
ranges from 0.75% to 2% per annum. SAM may reduce or rebate management fees to certain
Investors by separate agreement with them. These arrangements may be based upon guaranteed
minimum investment levels maintained in a Fund, periods of holding of an interest in a Fund, or other
factors and considerations determined at SAM’s discretion and negotiated with the particular
Investor.
Management fees are calculated by the particular Fund’s administrator and paid to SAM monthly or
quarterly in arrears.
Investors in certain Stenham Funds may also bear performance‐based fees which can be charged
either by reference to the class or series of shares in which the investor in invested; or at the master
fund level. Performance fees charged to the Stenham Funds generally range between 5% and 10%
depending upon the structure of the particular Fund. These fee arrangements are described in more
detail in the relevant Offering Materials for the Stenham Funds.
Stenham Managed Portfolios
Fees paid by Stenham Managed Portfolio Clients are negotiable on an individual basis, and depend
on the type of Client mandate, services provided, size of account and other factors as may be
negotiated and agreed with the particular Client. Management fees generally range between 1% and
1.5% per annum, are payable in arrears, and are deducted directly from each Client’s account on a
quarterly basis. Performance fees for Stenham Managed Portfolios generally range between 5% and
10%, and are based upon a wide variety of factors, including the type of client mandate, services
provided, size of account and other factors as may be negotiated and agreed with the Client. Clients
may elect to either pay a performance fee with a lower management fee or a management fee only.
Additional Expenses In addition to the management and performance‐based fees described above, Investors in Stenham
Funds and Stenham Managed Portfolio Clients may incur, directly and indirectly, certain additional
expenses as described below:
Stenham Funds Investors in Stenham Funds may be charged commissions in connection with their subscription in a
Stenham Fund, as well as bear the on‐going operating costs of the Stenham Fund and, indirectly, costs
associated with the investment in an Underlying Fund. Fees charged to a specific Stenham Fund are
disclosed in its Offering Materials. The following are some of the types of direct or indirect fees or
expenses that may apply:
1. Selling commissions – front end charges may be paid to distributors who introduce an
Investor to a Stenham Fund;
2. Redemption fees associated with a Fund redeeming investments from an Underlying Fund;
3. Operational expenses of the Stenham Funds, which include administrative fees, custodial
fees, legal, accounting , audit, regulatory and reporting expenses;
4. Cost of credit facilities utilised for short‐term cash‐flow purposes (e.g., redemptions at the
Stenham Fund level while awaiting the Fund’s redemption from an Underlying Fund);
5. Management and performance fees paid to Portfolio Managers;
6. Other on‐going operational expenses of Underlying Funds.
Stenham Managed Portfolios These accounts will also bear certain direct and indirect fees and expenses which may include some
or all of the following:
1. Administration, custody, legal and filing fees and such other operating expenses as may be
disclosed in the Management Agreement entered into with the Client;
2. Management and performance fees paid to the Portfolio Manager of the Underlying Funds; and
3. Other on‐going expenses of the Underlying Funds.
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As discussed in Item 5 above, both the Stenham Funds and Stenham Managed Portfolios may pay
performance‐based fees, although some Stenham Funds and some Stenham Managed Portfolios may
not pay such fees and may only pay an asset‐based management fee. Performance‐based fee
arrangements may create an incentive for an investment adviser to recommend investments which
may be riskier or more speculative than those which would be recommended under a different fee
arrangement since the investment adviser will share in new profits but has no obligation to share in
or restore any losses. Such fee arrangements may also create an incentive to favor higher fee paying
accounts over other accounts in the allocation of limited investment opportunities. Since SAM
manages accounts that pay performance‐based fees and also manages accounts that pay only asset‐
based fees, SAM may have a conflict of interest in that it may have an incentive to favor the Funds or
Portfolios that pay a performance‐based fee in the allocation of any investment opportunities
because it may receive a greater performance‐based fee from such accounts. However, SAM’s
policies require that all investments with limited availability be allocated among all accounts that are
managed pursuant to the same strategy, so that they will all participate in each such investment
opportunity on a
pro rata or other fair and equitable basis. This policy thereby prevents this conflict
from influencing the allocation of investment opportunities among Clients having differing fee
arrangements. Refer to Item 12 – Brokerage Practices for a further discussion of the manner in which
this allocation policy is monitored.
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Clients of SAM in Stenham Managed Portfolios and Investors in Stenham Funds include:
High net worth individuals
Family offices
Pension Funds
Trusts
Institutions
Private Banks
The minimum subscriptions for the Stenham Funds vary according to the Fund type and jurisdiction,
and are set out in each Fund’s Offering Materials. A minimum account size of $5 million is normally
required for a Stenham Managed Portfolio, although in certain circumstances, and subject to
negotiation with the prospective Client, a smaller account size may be accepted.
All Clients and Investors are subject to applicable suitability requirements.
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SAM’s investment process has evolved over the last 20 years to be as much about managing risk as
delivering returns. The process is a qualitative driven approach with significant input from operational
and quantitative research, which ensures that there is a robust challenge to the qualitative view.
Investment decisions are made using both a top‐down macroeconomic view, and bottom‐up analysis.
SAM evaluates and makes the final determination with respect to the research produced by SAP’s
analysts, who identify, research, assess and monitor the Portfolio Managers with whom the assets of
the Stenham Funds or Stenham Managed Portfolio Clients will be invested. SAP uses a combination
of qualitative and quantitative factors to evaluate a Portfolio Manger’s ability to generate returns,
among which are:
office visits to meet the investment team,
reputation of the principals of the Portfolio Managers (reference checks),
offering documentation and financial statements review,
investment philosophies and analysis of investment process,
risk management techniques,
performance track record including historical distribution of returns and analysis of
drawdowns and relevant risk ratio and metrics,
operational factors.
In making a determination to invest a Client’s assets with any particular Portfolio Manager, SAM tends
to focus on strategies that have depth and liquidity, including, but not limited to, the following:
Equity Long/Short
Equity Market Neutral
Global Macro
Event Driven
Relative Value
Long Volatility
Commodities
SAM does not allocate assets to strategies where leverage is inherent in the strategy, or where there
are or may be liquidity issues.
SAM maintains a forward‐looking 12‐month rolling strategy allocation which reflects its assessment of
the global macro environment and the outlook for different strategies. SAM does not use a model
approach; the main drivers of its investment selection process being a forward‐looking qualitative view
of macroeconomic themes and market trends supported by detailed quantitative inputs. SAM looks
at the “big picture” to gain a deep understanding of:
• Where risks and imbalances are building up globally, currently and looking forward;
• How this changing environment will impact a particular strategy; and
With this macro view, what risks will drive the returns of a particular strategy.
SAM’s forward‐looking macro view is primarily developed from information obtained from numerous
meetings with Portfolio Managers and analysis of their reports on their allocations. Discussions on the
macro view are backed up by information obtained from attending many hedge fund and general
industry conferences, regular meetings with prime brokers and other industry specialists, economic
data from many sources, and regular input from our extensive contacts in the industry as well as from
the wider Peregrine/Stenham Group.
SAM’s overriding investment philosophy is to control downside risk. Accordingly, it prefers transparent
strategies with low volatility that trade liquid assets, limits the use of leverage, and has predictable
return patterns combined with asymmetric risk characteristics.
Set forth below is an overview of the primary risks associated with fund of funds investing, each of
which is more fully discussed in Exhibit A attached hereto. However, it is not possible to identify all of
the risks associated with investing. The particular risks applicable to a Fund or Stenham Managed
Portfolio will depend on the nature of the account, its investment strategies and the types of
investments held. For additional discussion about risks relating to a particular investment, Clients
should consult the relevant Offering Materials.
Client Risks
The following is a non‐exhaustive list of the more common risks that Investors or Stenham Managed
Portfolio Clients should consider in connection with an investment program of the kind described
herein:
Lack of regulation of Underlying Funds and their Portfolio Managers
Lack of transparency of information regarding Underlying Funds
Liquidity
Multiple levels of fees and expenses
Multi‐manager investing
Valuation
Additionally, while assets will be invested in Underlying Funds which are structured to limit risk of loss,
the following are some of the more common risks which may arise in connection with the activities of
the Portfolio Managers:
Illiquidity or lack of transferability of underlying investments
Counterparty risk
Illiquidity of markets
Increased volatility of returns
Periods of investment concentration
Foreign currency exposure
Default risk
Fraud or misconduct
Institutional and custodial risk
Broker or dealer insolvency
Reliance on key personnel
Limitation on shareholder redemptions
Valuation risk
Business and regulatory risk
While SAM seeks to manage the Stenham Funds and Stenham Managed Portfolios so that risks are
appropriate to the strategy, it is often not possible or desirable to fully mitigate risks. Any investment
includes the risk of loss, and there can be no guarantee or representation that SAM’s or any Portfolio
Manager’s investment program will be successful. Investors and Clients should understand that they
could lose some or all of their investment and should be prepared to bear the risk of such potential
losses.
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In this section of this Brochure, SAM is required to disclose all material facts regarding any legal or
disciplinary events that would be material to a Client’s or prospective Client’s evaluation of SAM or the
integrity of SAM’s management.
SAM has no information to disclose in response to this item
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Neither SAM nor any of its management persons is registered as a broker‐dealer or as an associated
person of any broker‐dealer, and they do not have an application pending to register with the SEC as a
broker‐dealer.
Refer to Item 11 – Code of Ethics for a further discussion on potential conflicts of interest.
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SAM has adopted a Code of Ethics that describes its standards of business conduct and responsibilities
to its Clients. The Code of Ethics also explains certain potential conflicts of interest which may exist in
the context of SAM providing services to its Clients. The Code of Ethics is designed to ensure that SAM
meets its obligations to Clients and to instil a culture of compliance within SAM.
The Code of Ethics operates in conjunction with policies and procedures covering the following areas:
Conflicts of Interest;
Confidentiality;
Marketing and Financial Promotions;
Employee Personal Account Dealing;
Duty to Clients/Treating customers fairly
Gifts and Entertainment/Anti‐bribery and corruption; and
Whistleblowing
When this Code of Ethics conflicts with any SAM policy or procedure, the more restrictive provision
shall apply.
The Code of Ethics is distributed to each employee at the time of hire and annually thereafter, and is
available on SAM’s intranet. SAM also supplements the Code of Ethics with ongoing monitoring of
employee activity.
All employees are required to acknowledge annually that they are in compliance with the Code of
Ethics.
A copy of SAM’s Code of Ethics is available to any Client or prospective Client upon request by
contacting SAM’s Group Compliance Officer at the phone number or address on the cover page of this
Brochure.
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SAM does not typically use brokers to transact for Stenham Funds or Stenham Managed Portfolios as
the investments made for such accounts are generally in open‐ended investment funds engaged in a
continuous offering, or in privately‐offered pooled investment vehicles. However, SAM may on
occasion trade in interests in:
Underlying Funds on the secondary market;
Exchange Traded Funds (“ETFs”);
Specific individual U.S. or foreign securities; and
Currency forward transactions.
Additionally, on occasion, Stenham Funds or Stenham Managed Portfolio Clients may receive security
positions from a Portfolio Manager as part of a distribution or liquidation of an Underlying Fund. SAM
generally executes transactions in these securities through broker‐dealers who, consistent with SAM’s
duty to seek best execution, are selected based upon their reputation, quality of service, ability to
liquidate the particular security and ability to obtain interests in closed funds desired by SAM. When
selecting a broker or dealer, SAM will take into account factors such as execution capabilities,
commission rates, responsiveness and financial responsibility. In applying these factors, SAM
recognises that different broker‐dealers may have different execution capabilities with respect to
different types of securities and transactions, and that no broker‐dealer will likely be judged the best
at every relevant factor as a general matter or with respect to any particular transaction.
Soft Dollars
SAM’s current policy is not to use commissions generated by trading for Client accounts to pay for third
party research services.
Brokerage for Client Referrals
SAM does not engage in Client brokerage transactions with any broker‐dealers in exchange for client
referrals.
Trade Allocation and Aggregation Practices
SAM maintains detailed policies and procedures relating to allocations among Clients. SAM will seek
to allocate transactions and opportunities among its various accounts in a manner it believes to be as
equitable as possible over time, considering each account’s objectives, programs, limitations and
capital available for investment. Such allocations are monitored on a monthly basis by the portfolio
manager of the Stenham Managed Portfolios with assistance from other members of the Stenham
Asset Management Group.
Cross Transactions/Principal Trades
Occasionally, where appropriate and in the best interest of both clients, SAM may effect cross
transactions between Client accounts. These transactions are effected at the net asset value
determined by the third party administrator for the issuer (the Underlying Fund) as of the date of the
transaction. SAM earns no compensation as a result of such trades. This might occur, for example,
when the rebalancing of a Client’s Portfolio requires the sale of part of an investment with a particular
Portfolio Manager, while a new Client’s Portfolio had not been invested with that Portfolio Manager
because of that Manager’s capacity limitations.
From time to time, a SAM affiliate may seed a new Stenham Fund for a period of time and, as a result,
that entity would own a controlling interest in that Fund. Any cross transaction involving such a Fund
would require the prior approval from the Clients involved in the cross transaction, including, if a
Stenham Fund, an independent director of that Fund.
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SAM’s Investment Committee establishes the appropriate strategy allocation that is to be followed in
Client accounts and, utilising input from its affiliated entities, each Stenham Fund and Stenham
Managed Portfolio is reviewed monthly for factors such as asset allocation, cash management, industry
and market outlook, global net exposure, and concentration of investments. In addition, SAP’s
Investment Advisory Committee and other personnel review, at least monthly, the allocations to each
strategy within each Client account and as a whole, to verify that the strategy allocation for all Clients
is in line with the guidelines determined by SAM’s Investment Committee’s top‐down strategic vision.
Stenham Fund Reporting
The following reports are typically made available to Investors in Stenham Funds:
Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reports – Stenham Funds’ NAVs are calculated monthly by each Fund’s
administrator in conjunction with Stenham Funds’ offering dates. Final NAVs are circulated by
SMSCI, as the Manager of each of the Funds, after completion by the relevant administrator;
Monthly Risk Reports – These updates generally contain portfolio statistics, assets by strategy
allocation, the largest five Portfolio Managers’ names and respective allocations, performance
by strategy, up/down charts and investment commentary. The update reports are available
shortly after the final NAV is struck;
At each month‐end, a monthly statement issued by the Fund’s administrator showing NAVs and
number of shares held by each Investor;
Mid‐month estimates of the Stenham Fund’s performance and NAV’s ; and
Stenham Funds’ audited annual financial statements.
SAM also makes available to Stenham Fund distributors and Investors certain information on an
interactive, password protected portion of its website (www.stenhamassetmanagement.com). This
information generally includes: Stenham Funds’ monthly NAVs (described above), monthly Fund
updates (described above), offering documents, corporate updates, news etc.
Stenham Managed Portfolio Services
Stenham Managed Portfolio Clients receive monthly reports as may be agreed between SAM and the
Client at the inception of their investment management relationship.
Reporting can include the following:
Market commentary;
Portfolio overview and holdings summary;
Portfolio performance and performance of Underlying Funds;
Risk analysis;
Liquidity analysis;
Portfolio constraints compliance; and
Comparison to benchmarks.
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Neither SAM nor its employees receive any economic benefits, such as sales awards or other incentives,
from third parties in relation to services provided to Client accounts.
SAM has in place agreements with certain banks/financial intermediaries for the distribution of
Stenham Funds domiciled outside the U.S. to clients (predominantly non‐U.S.) of such banks/financial
intermediaries. This forms part of the Stenham Group’s global fund distribution network of many
distributors worldwide. Any compensation paid by Stenham to these financial intermediaries is paid
by SAM out of the investment management fee it receives from the Stenham Funds. Certain Stenham
Funds are part of “platform” arrangements with platform sponsors to whom SAM pays certain fees
and/or expenses reimbursements.
The business development team target major U.S. institutional investors and U.S. institutional
investors. The business development team may receive a discretionary bonus.
In no event does any Client or Investor pay any higher fee as a result of SAM’s payment of a referral
fee as described above.
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Rule 206(4)‐2 under the Advisers Act (the “Custody Rule”) defines “custody” as an actual holding of
Client securities or assets or having any authority to obtain possession of them.
SAM does not hold assets of the Stenham Funds and will not hold any assets for any U.S. Stenham
Managed Portfolio Clients. In all such cases, cash and securities are held by a qualified custodian
appointed by each Stenham Fund or Stenham Managed Portfolio Client pursuant to a separate custody
agreement. However, SAM may be deemed to have custody of Client assets as described below.
In all circumstances, Clients should carefully compare any account statements they receive from SAM
with statements received from the custodian for their accounts.
Stenham Funds
SAM and/or its affiliates may be deemed to have custody of assets of the Stenham Funds, as the
following may apply:
Employees of SAM or an affiliate serve on the Board of Directors of these Funds.
SAM provides Investors with audited financial statements of the Stenham Fund within 180 days of the
Fund’s fiscal year end.
Stenham Managed Portfolio Clients
SAM and/or its affiliates may be deemed to have custody of some or all the assets of a Stenham
Managed Portfolio, as one or more of the following may apply:
Employees of SAM or an affiliate serve on the Board of Directors for Client portfolios organised
as corporate entities; or
SAM has the right to deduct its fees from Client accounts.
SAM complies with the Custody Rule by maintaining such accounts with qualified custodians as
provided in the Custody Rule, which custodians provide statements directly to the Clients at least
quarterly.
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SAM’s investment management services are provided on a discretionary basis pursuant to the terms
of a Management Agreement entered into between SAM and the Client. These agreements authorise
SAM to supervise and direct investment and reinvestment of assets in the Client’s account, and
generally stipulate any limitations or constraints on SAM’s discretionary authority.
SAM has discretionary authority over the investments made by the Stenham Funds, and generally
exercises discretion over Stenham Managed Portfolio accounts as well. Under certain circumstances,
however, SAM may only provide non‐discretionary or advisory services to a Stenham Managed
Portfolio Client. In exercising discretion, SAM will at all times observe the investment policies,
limitations and restrictions that may be imposed by the Client.
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SAM has adopted a policy governing the voting of proxies that is designed to ensure that SAM will vote
proxy proposals, amendments, consents or resolutions (collectively “Proxies”) relating to Underlying
Funds in the best interest of Clients and in accordance with its fiduciary duties.
SAM has the authority to instruct the custodian to vote Proxies for all Stenham Funds. Stenham
Managed Portfolio Clients may authorise SAM to vote Proxies. However, if a Client is a plan subject to
the provisions of ERISA, SAM will vote Proxies for such Client’s account unless the plan fiduciary
reserves the right to vote Proxies to itself.
Where SAM has the authority to vote Proxies relating to investments with Portfolio Managers, the
general policy is to vote these Proxies in a manner that serves the best interest of the Client as
determined by SAM in its discretion.
SAM casts most of its Proxy votes, particularly on routine proposals, in accordance with management’s
recommendations. Routine proposals are generally those that do not change the structure, governing
rules or operations of the corporation to the detriment of the Clients. Traditionally, these issues
include, among others, approval of auditors, a change in company name and routine Board of Director
elections.
Non‐routine proposals are more likely to affect the structure and operations of the corporations, and
therefore may have a greater impact on a Client’s investment. As such, SAM reviews each Proxy issue
in this category on a case‐by‐case basis. Non‐routine proposals include, among others, director
nominations in contested elections and changes in redemption terms.
In routine matters, SAM votes Proxies in accordance with established guidelines discussed above, and
the opportunity for conflict generally does not arise. In non‐routine proposals or in any instance where
SAM believes there may be an actual or perceived material conflict of interest, SAM will disclose the
potential material conflict of interest to the relevant Client and obtain their consent or direction, as
appropriate, before voting. SAM seeks to resolve all potential material conflicts of interest in the best
interest of Clients.
SAM, in its sole discretion, may abstain from voting a Proxy if it concludes, among others, that the
effect on shareholders’ economic interests or the value of the portfolio holding is indeterminable or
insignificant, if SAM anticipates selling a security or underlying fund in the near future, or if the cost of
voting the Proxy exceeds the expected benefit.
Investors in Stenham Funds cannot direct SAM on how to vote a particular Proxy.
At any time, a Stenham Managed Portfolio Client may request a copy of SAM’s Proxy voting policy and
SAM’s Proxy voting records for its account from the Compliance Department and/or may submit his or
her own Proxy voting preference on any issue that is subject to a shareholder vote to the Proxy
administrator.
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Registered investment advisers are required in this Item to provide certain financial information or
disclosures about their financial condition which are reasonably likely to impair their ability to meet
contractual commitments to Clients. SAM has no such information to disclose.
EXHIBIT A – RISKS Below is an extract from the Offering Memorandum of a Stenham Fund, which uses a Master/Feeder
Structure that is typically used by all the Stenham Funds. Since the risks referred to apply to all persons
who invest directly in Stenham Funds or who have a Stenham Managed Portfolio, this excerpt is
included herein to provide a general review of the risks applicable to fund of funds investing. Note that
capitalised terms used in this excerpt (only some of which are defined below and which otherwise have
been defined in the particular Offering Memorandum from which this excerpt was taken) may, but do
not necessarily, have the same meanings as defined in the main portion of this Brochure, and no effort
has been made to provide definitions of undefined capitalised terms in this Exhibit A.
There is a high risk associated with an investment in the Feeder Fund and investment should only be
made after consultation with independent qualified sources of investment and tax advice. The fact
that the Feeder Funds and the Fund Managers will in part implement arbitrage or hedging strategies
in no respect should be taken to imply that an investment in the Feeder Fund is without risk. Among
the risks involved are the following:
Operating History
Although SAM and many of the Fund Managers have successfully managed funds for periods in excess
of 5 years and the Feeder Funds have been in operation since 1992, the past performance of SAM or
any of the Fund Managers may not necessarily be an indication of future results of the Feeder Funds.
Shares Illiquid
The Feeder Fund Shares are freely transferable and are not subject to any transfer restrictions or
compulsory redemption save where the holding of such Shares may result in regulatory, preliminary,
legal, taxation or material administrative disadvantage for the Fund concerned or its shareholders as a
whole, or where such transfer would result in a shareholding falling below the minimum specified
holding required in the Offer Materials.
However, there is no restriction on the extent to which the Master Fund may invest in assets which are
not readily realisable. Because of the limitations on withdrawals at certain times from certain of these
investments and the fact that Shares are not tradable, both an investment in the Feeder Fund and the
Feeder Fund’s investment in the Master Fund are relatively illiquid investments and involve a high
degree of risk. The liquidity of the underlying fund’s underlying investments may also vary over time
and these portfolio Managers may restrict redemption from the Stenham Fund’s investments with
them. A subscription for Shares should be considered only by investors financially able to maintain
their investment and who can afford to lose all or a substantial part of such investment. Furthermore,
there is not now, and there is not likely to develop, any market for the resale of Shares. Neither the
Funds, SAM, nor any of their affiliates has agreed to purchase or otherwise acquire from any
shareholder any Shares or assume the responsibility for locating prospective purchasers for any Shares.
In addition, the Shares have not been registered under the securities laws of any jurisdiction and the
Feeder Fund has no plan, and is under no obligation, to register the Shares under any such law. Shares
may not be transferred in certain jurisdictions unless registered under applicable securities laws or
unless appropriate exemptions from such laws are available.
Reliance on Management
Shareholders will have no right or power to take part in the management of the Funds although
shareholders have the right to vote on material issues affecting their rights as holders of Shares.
Accordingly, no person should invest in the Feeder Fund unless that person is willing to entrust all
aspects of the management of the Funds to the boards of the Funds, assisted by SAM.
Possible Effects of Substantial Redemptions
Substantial redemptions of Shares within a limited period of time could require the Feeder Fund to
redeem Master Fund Shares, which in turn would require the Master Fund to liquidate positions more
rapidly than would otherwise be desirable. Liquidation of arbitrage positions before their scheduled
maturity can result in significant losses in what would otherwise have been essentially a riskless
position.
Charges
The Master Fund is obligated to pay substantial fees to SAM, the Administrator, the Custodian and the
Fund Managers. Both Master and Feeder Funds will in addition pay all their own operating expenses.
Investments in Other Investment Vehicles
A principal part of the Master Fund’s activities will consist of accessing Fund Managers through other
companies. SAM may serve as sponsor or advisor to one or more of such pooled vehicles. The Master
Fund will take no part in management and have no control whatsoever over trading policies or
managers. The Master Fund’s investments in other pools will normally not be transferable and
generally only be redeemable as of a quarter ends. Certain pools may restrict liquidity as well by
imposing penalties on redemptions or only permitting redemptions after an initial holding period of 3‐
12 months.
Conflicts of Interest
The Directors, the Manager, Investment Advisor and their affiliates, officers and shareholders
(collectively the “Parties”) are or may be involved in other financial investment and professional
activities which may, on occasion, cause conflict of interest with the management of the Funds. These
include management of the investment funds, purchases and sales of securities, investment and
management consulting, brokerage services and serving as directors, officers, advisers or agents of
other funds or other companies, including companies in which the Funds may invest. In particular, it
is envisaged that the Investment Advisor may be involved in advising certain investment funds and
other investment schemes which may have similar or overlapping investment objectives to or with the
Funds. Each of the Parties will respectively ensure that the performance of their respective duties will
not be impaired by any such involvement that they may have and that any conflicts which may arise
will be resolved fairly. The Investment Advisor may deal in Shares without accounting to the
shareholders or the Funds for any profits.
In addition, due to the widespread operations undertaken by the Manager, Investment Advisor, the
Administrator and the Custodian and their respective holding companies, subsidiaries and affiliates
(each an “Interested Party”) conflicts of interest may arise. An Interested Party may acquire or dispose
of any investment notwithstanding that the same or similar investments may be owned by or for the
account of or otherwise connected with the Funds. Furthermore, an Interested Party may acquire,
hold or dispose of investments notwithstanding that such investments had been acquired or disposed
of by or on behalf of the Funds by virtue of a transaction effected by the Funds in which the Interested
Party was concerned. An Interested Party may deal with the Funds as principal or as agent.
The Investment Advisor may have conflicts of interest in rendering advice because their compensation
for managing certain investment funds may exceed their compensation for managing the account of
the Funds, thus providing an incentive to prefer such other account. Moreover, if the Investment
Advisor makes decisions for such accounts and the accounts of the Funds at or about the same time,
the Funds may be competing with such other accounts for the same or similar positions. The
Investment Advisor will endeavour to ensure that all investment opportunities are allocated on a fair
and equitable basis between the Funds and such other accounts.
The Funds have been established and promoted by the Investment Advisor and accordingly, the
selection of the Investment Advisor and the terms of its appointment and fees are not the result of
arms‐length negotiations.
The Investment Advisor may also be paid commissions, rebates or retrocessions that it may be due
from third parties (including but not limited to investment funds, portfolio managers and the
Custodian). Such commissions, rebates or retrocessions will, where applicable, be paid to the Funds.
In the event that a conflict of interest does arise, the Directors will endeavour, so far as they are
reasonably able, to ensure that it is resolved fairly and that investment opportunities are allocated on
a fair and equitable basis.
Some of the Directors of the Fund and the Investment Advisor are Stenham Group employees which
may lead to a potential conflict of interest. In such circumstances, the Fund’s legal advisors and /or
auditors will be consulted to assist with the resolution of such conflict.
Performance Type Fees to Fund Managers
Performance fee arrangements with individual Fund Managers may create an incentive for the Fund
Managers to make investments that are riskier or more speculative than would be the case in the
absence of such performance fees. PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT
PERFORMANCE OR INCENTIVE FEES MAY ENCOURAGE OVERLY SPECULATIVE TRADING BECAUSE,
WHILE THE FUND MANAGER NORMALLY SHARES IN ANY NEW NET PROFITS, THERE IS NO OBLIGATION
TO SHARE IN OR TO RESTORE LOSSES.
Volatility of Accounts
Assets will be placed with Fund Managers who invest in securities and options, which are highly volatile
and speculative. Certain positions may be subject to wide and sudden fluctuations in market value,
with a resulting fluctuation in the amount of profits and losses. As a Fund Manager may buy and sell
short securities on margin with a focus on short‐term trading profits and risk arbitrage strategies, the
volatility of the Master Fund’s securities accounts will be greatly increased, leading to significantly
greater risks, generally much larger than in the case of other securities pools.
Investment Programmes are Speculative The Funds’ investment programme should be considered speculative, as there can be no assurance
that SAM's assessments or those of the Fund Managers in relation to the short‐term or long‐term
prospects of investments will generate a profit. In view of the fact that the Feeder Fund will not pay
dividends, an investment in the Feeder Fund is not suitable for investors seeking current income for
financial or tax planning purposes.
Fixed Income Investments
The value of the fixed income securities in which the Fund Managers invest will change as the general
level of interest rates fluctuates. When interest rates decline, the value of fixed income investments
can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of such investments can be
expected to decline. Investments in lower rated or unrated fixed income securities in which the Fund
Managers may invest, while generally providing greater opportunity for gain and income than
investments in higher rated securities, usually entail greater risk (including the possibility of default or
bankruptcy of the issuers of such securities). Moreover, available yields and yield differentials vary
over time, and no specific level of income or yield differential can ever be assured.
Leverage and Short Selling
Assets will at times be placed with Fund Managers which engage in short selling and trade securities
on a leveraged basis. Selling securities short runs the risk of losing an amount greater than the amount
invested. Short selling is subject to theoretically unlimited risk of loss because there is no limit on how
much the price of a security may appreciate before the short position is closed out. Furthermore, as a
result of trading securities on a leveraged basis (i.e.: where the security can be purchased by putting
up only a portion of the instrument's face value and borrowing the remainder on margin), a relatively
small price movement in a securities position may result in immediate and substantial losses to the
investor. In addition, trading on margin will result in charges to the Master Fund which may be
substantial. Thus, like other leveraged investments, any purchase or sale of a security may result in
losses in excess of the amount invested.
Trading of Securities Options
If a Fund Manager buys an option (either to sell or purchase a security) it will pay a premium
representing the market value of the option. Unless the price of the securities underlying the option
changes and it becomes profitable to exercise or offset the option before it expires, the investor may
lose the entire amount of the premium. The purchasing of an option runs the risk of losing the entire
investment or substantially more than the entire investment, thereby causing significant losses to the
investor in a relatively short period of time. The ability to trade in or exercise options also may be
restricted in the event that trading in the underlying securities becomes restricted. Options trading
may also be illiquid in the event a Fund Manager invests in contracts with extended expirations.
Arbitrage Trading
The trading operations of certain Fund Managers may involve arbitraging between a security and its
announced buy‐out price (or other forms of risk arbitrage), between two securities, between the equity
and equity options markets, between futures and securities and/or options and/or any combination of
the above. This means, for example, that the Fund Manager may purchase or sell a security and take
offsetting positions in the options market in the same or a related security. To the extent the price
relationships between such positions remain constant, no gain or loss on the positions will occur.
However, these types of offsetting positions entail substantial risk such that the price differential can
change unfavourably, causing an immediate and substantial loss.
Illiquidity of Markets
At various times, the markets for securities purchased or sold by the Master Fund may be "thin" or
illiquid, making purchases or sales of securities at desired prices or in desired quantities difficult or
impossible. For example, securities exchanges and regulatory agencies have authority to suspend
trading in a particular security without notice.
Periods of Investment Concentration Because of its trading methods and strategies, the Master Fund may at times have an unusually high
concentration in certain types of positions. Such lack of diversification could result in greater losses
than otherwise might be anticipated. Accordingly, the investment accounts of the Master Fund may
be subject to more rapid change in value than would be the case, if they were required to maintain a
wide diversification among companies, securities and types of securities.
Investing in Small Companies
There is no limitation on the size or operating experience of the companies in which investments may
be made. Some small companies in which investments may be made may lack management depth or
the ability to generate internally or obtain externally the funds necessary for growth. Companies with
new products or services could sustain significant losses if projected markets do not materialise.
Further, such companies may have, or may develop, only a regional market for products or services
and may be adversely affected by purely local events. Some companies may be small factors in their
industries and may face intense competition from larger companies and entail a greater risk than
investment in larger companies.
Wide‐ranging Markets
The Master Fund's assets may be invested in a wide range of foreign securities markets. Some
securities markets may not be as developed, liquid or efficient as those in the more developed nations,
and securities of some issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable issuers in
more developed nations. Certain securities may be subject to less stringent or different regulations
than are securities in more developed nations and there may be less publicly available information
regarding securities. Custodial and brokerage expenses for transactions in certain securities may also
be higher than for securities in developed nations. Income received by the Master Fund may be
reduced by withholding and other taxes.
Uncertain Value of Past Performance Records
There has been considerable concern expressed in the investment industry over the high degree of
non‐correlation which some studies have found to exist between the past performance records
included in offering documents and the actual subsequent performance. Consequently, prospective
investors must carefully consider the fact that PAST RESULTS ARE NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF
FUTURE PERFORMANCE IN DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT TO PURCHASE SHARES. NEVERTHELESS,
ONE OF THE CRITERIA THAT THE FUNDS, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE MANAGER AND SAM, WILL TAKE
INTO ACCOUNT WHEN ASSESSING FUND MANAGERS, WILL BE PAST PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND
MANAGERS.
General Investment Risks
Substantial risks are involved in investing in securities, currencies, derivatives and the various other
instruments in which the Fund Managers may invest. The prices of these investments are volatile,
market movements are difficult to predict and financing sources and related interest rates are subject
to rapid change. One or more markets in which the Fund Managers may trade may move against the
positions held by them, thereby causing substantial losses. Government policies, especially those of
central banks worldwide, have profound effects on interest and exchange rates which, in turn, affect
prices in areas of the Master Fund’s planned activities. Many other unforeseeable events, including
actions by various government agencies and domestic and international political events, may cause
sharp market fluctuations. Any instability in the world's banking system, securities and commodities
exchanges, market pricing mechanisms or regulatory system may severely affect the Master Fund’s
ability to value its assets or carry out transactions and thereby impact adversely upon the Feeder Fund’s
ability to value its assets.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Fund Managers will have full discretion as to the currencies in which their investments are
denominated. Moreover, the Master Fund's investments themselves may be denominated in
currencies other than the US Dollar. Consequently, performance will be subject to fluctuations in
foreign currency exchange rates.
Default Risk Fund Managers may invest in instruments issued by borrowers which subsequently default in paying
interest or principal on such securities, thereby causing a loss to the Master Fund and, indirectly, the
Feeder Fund.
The Funds may enter into short‐term loan arrangements with other funds where SAM may serve as
sponsor, advisor or manager in order for such other funds to facilitate redemptions and/or investments
with Fund Managers. Such loan arrangements will generally be unsecured. Such funds may
subsequently default in paying interest on such loans or repaying the principal, thereby causing a loss
to the Funds.
Counterparty Risk
Certain of the markets which may be traded by the Master Fund and the Fund Managers, for example,
the interbank market in currencies, the swaps market and the government securities market, are
"principals' markets" in which they each will be fully subject to the risk of counterparty default.
Diverse Selection of Fund Managers
In an attempt to obtain diversification of investment strategies and markets, the Master Fund will
select a range of Fund Managers, each of which invests independently of the others with the objective
that such Fund Managers, as far as possible, complement each other. There can be no assurance that
the use of many different investment approaches will not effectively result in losses by certain of the
Fund Managers offsetting any profits achieved by others. Such offsetting could result in significant
reduction in the assets of the Master Fund, as incentive fees would be allocable to those Fund
Managers which had recognised profits, irrespective of the offsetting losses. There can be no
assurance that choosing a combination of Fund Managers will prove to be any more successful either
in generating profits or in reducing drawdowns than would the selection of a single Fund Manager for
the Master Fund.
Due to the number of Fund Managers, the benefit to the Master Fund from any particular Fund
Manager's performance will be reduced due to the limited amount of its equity traded by such Fund
Manager. Incentive fees will be determined separately for each Fund Manager, so it is possible that
incentive fees will be payable to one or more Fund Managers even though the overall Net Asset Value
per Share has declined due to losses incurred by others.
Allocation of Assets among the Fund Managers
The board of the Master Fund, in conjunction with the Manager, on the basis of advice given by SAM,
will allocate assets among the Fund Managers. Decisions regarding the selection of the Fund Managers
will materially affect the performance of the Funds. Prospective investors must recognise that the
overall success of the Funds is dependent not only on the Fund Managers, but also on SAM's skill in
allocating and reallocating assets among Fund Managers. There can be no assurance that the
allocations made by the Master Fund will prove as successful as other allocations which might have
been made, or as successful as adopting a passive approach in which Fund Managers are not changed.
Cross‐Class Liability
Although the assets and investments attributable to each Class Fund will be segregated in the books of
the Fund from the assets and investments attributable to other Class Funds, in the event that the assets
attributable to a particular Class Fund are, for whatever reason, insufficient to discharge the liabilities
attributable to that Class Fund, the assets of other Class Funds may be utilised to discharge such
liabilities. The assets attributable to a Class Fund cannot be wholly protected from the liabilities
attributable to other Class Funds. There is however no similar liability between the cells of the Guernsey PCC. Possibility of Fraud or Other Misconduct
When the Master Fund invests funds with a Fund Manager, either through an offshore company or a
managed account, it does not have custody of the assets or control of the investment. Therefore, there
is always the risk that the Fund Manager could divert or abscond with the assets, fail to follow agreed
investment strategies, provide false reports of operations or engage in other misconduct. The Fund
Managers with whom the Master Fund will invest are generally private and have not registered their
securities or investment advisory operations with any government.
Institutional Risks and Custodial Risks
The Master Fund invests in Fund Managers who in turn seek to place their investments with institutions
such as brokerage firms and banks, and use the custodial services and prime brokerage services
provided by such institutions. There is a risk that such institutions could face financial difficulties, and
subsequently become insolvent, therefore impairing the ability of these Fund Managers to return
capital when required. Although the Investment Advisor of the Fund will use its best endeavors to
monitor Fund Managers, should the institutions used by the Fund Managers become insolvent, there
is a risk that the recovery of assets will be restricted for a period or less than the value of the original
assets.
THE FOREGOING LIST OF "RISK FACTORS" DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE A COMPLETE EXPLANATION OF THE RISKS INVOLVED IN AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUNDS. PROSPECTIVE SHAREHOLDERS SHOULD READ THE ENTIRETY OF THE OFFERING MEMORANDUM AND CONSULT WITH THEIR OWN ADVISORS BEFORE DECIDING TO SUBSCRIBE FOR SHARES.
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