Identify your principal owner(s).
Description of Advisory Firm
SK Capital Partners, LP (“SK Capital” or the “Firm”) is a New York based
investment management firm with significant experience driving growth
and operational improvement in the Firm’s middle market focus sectors.
SK Capital’s focus sectors are specialty materials, chemicals and healthcare
businesses and the Firm’s Managing Partners collectively have substantial
operating and investment experience within these sectors.
The Firm and its affiliated registered investment advisers, SK Capital
Investment II, LLC (“Fund II GP”), SKCI II Blue AIV-GP, L.P. (“Blue II
GP”), SK Capital Investment III, LLC (“Fund III GP”), SK Capital
Investment IV, L.P. (“Fund IV GP”), SKCI III Glades AIV-GP, LP
(“Glades GP”), SKCI III Blue AIV-GP, LP (“Blue III GP”), SKCP IV
Groundhog Co-Invest GP, L.P. (“Groundhog IV GP”), SKCP IV Boost Co-
Invest GP, L.P. (“Boost IV GP”), SKCP IV Invictus Co-Invest GP, L.P
(“Invictus IV GP”) SK Capital Investment V, L.P. (“Fund V GP”), SK
Capital Overage Investment V, L.P. (“Fund V Overage GP”) SKCP
Mohawk Co-Invest GP, L.P. (“Mohawk GP”, together with Fund II GP,
Blue II GP, Fund III GP, Fund IV GP, Glades GP, Blue III GP, Groundhog
IV GP, Boost IV GP, Fund V GP and Fund V Overage GP the “General
Partners”), SK Capital Management IV, LP (the “Fund IV Management
Company”), SK Capital Management V, LP (the “Fund V Management
Company) and SKCP Catalyst Management I, LP (the “SKCP Catalyst
Fund I Management Company” and together with the Fund IV
Management Company, the Fund V Management Company, the General
Partners, the “Affiliated Advisers,” and the Affiliated Advisers together
with SK Capital, the “Adviser”) provide discretionary investment advisory
services, advising and managing the investment and reinvestment of assets
for investment funds privately offered to qualified investors in the United
States and elsewhere.
The Adviser’s clients include the following (each, a “Fund,” and together
with any future private investment funds to which the Adviser or its
affiliates provide investment advisory services, “Funds”):
• SK Capital Partners II, L.P. (“Fund II”)
• SKCP II Blue AIV, L.P. (“Blue II AIV”)
• SKCP II Spice AIV, L.P. (“Spice II AIV”)
• SKCP II Angel AIV, L.P. (“Angel II AIV”)
• SKCP II Dionysus AIV, L.P. (“Dionysus II AIV”)
• SKCP II Groundhog AIV, L.P. (“Groundhog II AIV”)
• SK Capital Partners III, L.P. (“Fund III”)
• SKCP III Glades AIV, LP (“Glades AIV”)
• SKCP III Blue AIV, LP (“Blue III AIV”)
• SKCP III Spice AIV, LP (“Spice III AIV”)
• SKCP III Angel AIV, LP (“Angel III AIV”)
• SKCP III Dionysus AIV, L.P. (“Dionysus III AIV”)
• SKCP III Groundhog AIV, L.P. (“Groundhog III AIV”)
• SKCP III Glades Co-Invest AIV, L.P. (“Glades Co-Invest AIV”)
• SKCP III Spice Co-Invest AIV, L.P. (“Spice Co-Invest AIV”)
• SK Capital Partners IV-A, L.P. (“Fund IV-A”)
• SK Capital Partners IV-B, L.P. (“Fund IV-B,” and together with Fund
IV-A, “Fund IV”)
• SKCP IV Groundhog Co-Invest, L.P. (“Groundhog IV Co-Invest”)
• SKCP IV Boost Co-Invest, L.P. (“Boost IV Co-Invest”)
• SKCP IV Invictus Co-Invest, L.P. (“Invictus IV Co-Invest”)
• SK Capital Partners V-A, L.P. (“Fund V-A”)
• SK Capital Partners V-B, L.P. (“Fund V-B,” and together with Fund V-
A, “Fund V”)
• SK Capital Partners Overage Fund V-A, L.P (“Overage Fund V)”
• SKCP Mohawk Co-Invest, L.P. (“Mohawk Co-Invest”)
• SKCP Mohawk PE Co-Invest, L.P. (“Mohawk PE Co-Invest”)
Fund II GP is the general partner of Fund II. In addition, Fund II GP is the
general partner of a limited partnership that, together with Fund II, is an
investor in a portfolio company of Fund II. Blue II GP is the general partner
of Blue II AIV, Spice II AIV, Angel II AIV, Dionysus II AIV and
Groundhog II AIV. Blue II AIV, Spice II AIV, Angel II AIV, Dionysus II
AIV and Groundhog II AIV (together, the “Fund II Alternative Investment
Vehicles”) are alternative investment vehicles formed, after the investment
of all of the uncommitted capital of Fund II into Fund III at the initial
closing of the latter, for the purpose of investing in certain portfolio
companies of Fund III. Each Fund II Alternative Investment Vehicle has
invested all of its assets in the corresponding Fund III Alternative
Investment Vehicle (as defined below). For the sake of clarity, unless
otherwise indicated, references herein to Fund II include the Fund II
Alternative Investment Vehicles.
Fund III GP is the general partner of Fund III. Glades GP is the general
partner of Glades AIV and Glades Co-Invest AIV. Blue III GP is the general
partner of Blue III AIV, Spice III AIV, Angel III AIV, Dionysus III AIV,
Spice Co-Invest AIV and Groundhog III AIV. Glades AIV, Blue III AIV,
Spice III AIV, Angel III AIV, Dionysus III AIV and Groundhog III AIV
(together, the “Fund III Alternative Investment Vehicles”) are alternative
investment vehicles formed for the purpose of investing in certain portfolio
companies of Fund III. Glades Co-Invest AIV and Spice Co-Invest AIV
(together, the “Fund III Co-Invest AIVs”) are co- investment vehicles
formed for the purpose of co-investing alongside Fund III in certain
portfolio companies of Fund III. For the sake of clarity, unless otherwise
indicated, references herein to Fund III include the Fund III Alternative
Investment Vehicles and the Fund III Co-Invest AIVs.
Fund IV GP is the general partner of Fund IV. Groundhog IV GP is the
general partner of Groundhog IV Co-Invest. Boost IV GP is the general
partner of Boost IV Co-Invest. Invictus IV GP is the general partner of
Invictus IV Co-Invest. Groundhog IV Co-Invest, Boost IV Co-Invest and
Invictus IV Co-Invest (together, the “Fund IV Co-Invest AIVs”) are co-
investment vehicles formed for the purpose of co-investing alongside Fund
IV in certain portfolio companies of Fund IV. For the sake of clarity, unless
otherwise indicated, references herein to Fund IV include the Fund IV Co-
Invest AIVs.
Fund V GP is the general partner of Fund V. Fund V Overage GP is the
general partner of Overage Fund V, a vehicle formed to invest in one or
more sizeable transactions alongside Fund V. Mohawk GP is the general
partner of Mohawk Co-Invest and Mohawk PE Co-Invest. Mohawk Co-
Invest and Mohawk PE Co-Invest (together, the “Fund V Co-Invest AIVs”)
are co-investment vehicles formed for the purpose of co-investing
alongside Fund V in a certain portfolio company of Fund V. For the sake
of clarity, unless otherwise indicated, referenced herein to Fund V include
the Fund V Co-Invest AIVs.
The Adviser uses the collective operating and investment experience of its
Managing Partners to provide advice to each Fund on how to generate long-
term value for its limited partners by leveraging and enhancing the
management and operating capabilities of the portfolio companies in which
it invests. This includes advising each Fund on augmenting management
talent and processes to drive business improvement, driving revenue
growth, improving operating efficiency, improving management of
working capital, and completing strategic acquisitions and divestitures.
Prudent use of leverage is also a critical component of the Adviser’s
investment management strategy, as it provides management teams the
appropriate degree of flexibility to address each business’ unique
constraints, implement operational improvements, and pursue growth and
acquisition plans. Although each Fund incorporates leverage into the
capital structures of its portfolio companies, whether at the time of the
initial investment or subsequently through recapitalizations, doing so is not
intended to be a primary source of value creation.
Management Team and Principal Owners
Dr. Barry B. Siadat co-founded SK Capital in 2007 and is a Managing
Partner. Prior to SK Capital, Dr. Siadat was a Managing Director of Arsenal
Capital Partners from January 2001 to April 2007, where he served on the
Operating Committee and focused on the firm’s investments in specialty
materials and chemicals. While at Arsenal, he was the Chairman of the
Board of Arsenal portfolio companies Rutherford Chemicals, Reilly
Industries, Sermatech International, Velsicol Chemical, and TallyGenicom,
and served on the Board of Directors of Vertellus Specialties and
Interdynamics. Prior to Arsenal, Dr. Siadat held senior management
positions at AlliedSignal/Honeywell International, including Corporate
Vice President and Chief Growth Officer, Vice President of Technology
and Engineering, and President of Honeywell’s Avient Technologies
subsidiary. Prior to AlliedSignal, Dr. Siadat was Vice President of
Corporate Technology at W.R. Grace, a $7.5 billion specialty chemicals
and health care company. Dr. Siadat holds a B.S. from the University of
Wisconsin, and an M.S. in Polymer Science and Engineering and Ph.D. in
Chemical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Dr.
Siadat is Chairman of the Board of Aristech Acrylics and Ascend
Performance Materials.
Jamshid Keynejad co-founded SK Capital with Dr. Siadat (together, the
“Founding Partners”) and is a Managing Partner. Mr. Keynejad throughout
his career has acted as a principal and owner with extensive operating
experience in manufacturing, distribution, commercial and residential
housing development, specialty healthcare and service-related industries
both in the U.S. and overseas. Prior to forming SK Capital he led numerous
investments, the most recent being Signet Diagnostic Imaging Services
Group, a leading provider of medical imaging services. Mr. Keynejad
received his BSE in mathematics from London University. Mr. Keynejad
serves on the Board of Directors of Aristech Acrylics and Ascend
Performance Materials.
The principal owners of SK Capital, the Fund IV Management Company,
the Fund V Management Company, and the SKCP Catalyst Fund I
Management Company are the Founding Partners.
Since the Firm’s inception, the Firm’s management has expanded with
three additional Managing Partners: Jack Norris, Aaron Davenport, and Jim
Marden (together with the Founding Partners, the “Managing Partners”).
Four of five Managing Partners were previously senior members of Arsenal
Capital. Certain of the other Managing Partners own profits interests in,
and/or otherwise have made a commitment to, Fund II. All of the
uncommitted capital of Fund II was invested in Fund III at the initial closing
of the latter.
The Adviser is under contract to each of the Funds to provide investment
management services with the applicable General Partner serving as such
Fund’s general partner. The Firm’s Managing Partners own a majority of
the capital and profits interests in the General Partners.
as specializing in a particular type of advisory service, such as financial
planning, quantitative analysis, or market timing, explain the nature of that
service in greater detail. If you provide investment advice only with respect
to limited types of investments, explain the type of investment advice you
offer, and disclose that your advice is limited to those types of investments.
The Adviser provides discretionary investment management services,
advising and managing the investment and reinvestment of assets for the
Funds. Each Fund offers limited partner interests only to certain qualified
persons, and admission to a Fund is offered only via a “private offering”
(i.e., is not open to the general public.) Fund interests are sold only to
qualified persons who are “accredited investors” under Rule 501 of
Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities
Act”).
Additionally, from time to time and as permitted by the relevant limited
partnership or other operating agreement of a Fund (each, an “LPA”), the
Adviser expects to provide (or agrees to provide) co-investment
opportunities (including the opportunity to participate in co-invest vehicles)
to certain investors or other persons, including other sponsors, market
participants, finders, consultants and other service providers, the Adviser’s
personnel and/or certain other persons associated with the Adviser and/or
its affiliates. Such co-investments often involve investment and disposal of
interests in the applicable portfolio company at the same time and on the
same terms as the Fund making the investment. However, from time to
time, for strategic and other reasons, a co-investor or co-invest vehicle may
purchase a portion of an investment from one or more Funds after such
Funds have consummated their investment in the portfolio company (also
known as a post-closing sell-down or transfer). Any such purchase from a
Fund by a co-investor or co-invest vehicle generally occurs shortly after the
Fund’s completion of the investment to avoid any changes in valuation of
the investment. Where appropriate, and in the Adviser’s sole discretion, the
Adviser is authorized to charge interest on the purchase to the co-investor
or co-invest vehicle (or otherwise equitably to adjust the purchase price
under certain conditions), and the Adviser generally will require the co-
investor or co-invest vehicle to reimburse the relevant Fund for related
costs. However, to the extent such amounts are not so charged or
reimbursed, they generally will be borne by the relevant Fund.
Outside of such services to the Funds, the Adviser offers no other advisory
services. The Adviser does not perform any type of financial planning,
quantitative analysis, tax planning or market timing services.
Specific details relating to the advisory services provided to the Funds,
including details relating to fees, liquidity rights and risks, among others,
are fully disclosed in each Fund’s, as applicable, confidential Private
Placement Memorandum or other offering documents (each, an “Offering
Memorandum”) and the investment management agreement pursuant to
which the Adviser provides investment advisory services to each Fund
(each, an “Investment Management Agreement,” and together with the
applicable Offering Memorandum and LPA, the “Governing Documents”
of each Fund).
individual needs of clients. Explain whether clients may impose restrictions
on investing in certain securities or types of securities.
The Adviser provides investment advice only to the Funds. Because the
Funds have highly similar investment strategies, the question of tailoring
the Adviser’s advisory services to the individual needs of limited partners
or accepting limited partner-imposed investment restrictions is not relevant.
The Adviser, as part of the advisory services it provides to each Fund,
assists each General Partner as requested in negotiating side letters or
similar agreements (“Side Letters”) on behalf of such Fund with certain
Fund limited partners. Such Side Letters have the effect of establishing
additional rights or altering or supplementing the terms of the Governing
Documents of the applicable Fund-sponsored investment vehicle with
respect to one or more such limited partners in a manner more favorable to
such limited partners than those applicable to other limited partners. These
additional rights include but are not limited to: rights related to financial
reporting and disclosure, due diligence oversight, fee transferability rights,
excuse rights, co-investment rights, consent rights and/or other rights
permitted in the applicable General Partner’s discretion.
services, (1) describe the differences, if any, between how you manage
wrap fee accounts and how you manage other accounts, and (2) explain that
you receive a portion of the wrap fee for your services.
The Adviser does not participate in wrap fee programs.
on a discretionary basis and the amount of client assets you manage on a
non- discretionary basis. Disclose the date “as of” which you calculated the
amounts.
Note: Your method for computing the amount of “client assets you
manage” can be different from the method for computing “assets under
management” required for Item 5.F in Part 1A. However, if you choose to
use a different method to compute “client assets you manage,” you must
keep documentation describing the method you use. The amount you
disclose may be rounded to the nearest $100,000. Your “as of” date must
not be more than 90 days before the date you last updated your brochure in
response to this Item 4.E
As of the date hereof, the Adviser invests and manages approximately
$4.688 billion in client assets on a discretionary basis. The Adviser does
not and does not plan to manage any client assets on a non-discretionary
basis.
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Disclaimer applicable to all sub-items hereto: Limited partners in the Funds should refer to the
applicable Fund’s Governing Documents for a complete and detailed understanding of how the
Adviser is compensated for its advisory services. The information contained herein is a summary
and is qualified in its entirety by the Funds’ Governing Documents.
your fee schedule. Disclose whether the fees are negotiable.
Note: If you are an SEC-registered adviser, you do not need to include this
information in a brochure that is delivered only to qualified purchasers as
defined in section 2(a)(51)(A) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as
amended (the “Investment Company Act”).
The Adviser is compensated by each Fund based on the provisions of the
Investment Management Agreement that was negotiated between the
Adviser and such Fund. Limited partners and prospective limited partners
in each Fund should refer to the applicable Offering Memorandum for a
detailed description of the fees. The principal fee is a management fee that
is based on the limited partners’ aggregate capital commitments. In
addition, the Adviser receives compensation for management and other
services performed in connection with co-investments made in portfolio
companies of the Funds.
Certain LPAs permit the Adviser to waive or agree to reduce all or a
portion of the management fees to be paid by a Fund, and require that such
Fund call capital in the amount of such waived fees to be invested on behalf
of the applicable General Partner (“Waiver Contribution”) in satisfaction
of a portion of the latter’s capital commitment to such Fund, effectively
reducing the amount of capital such General Partner would otherwise be
required to contribute to the Fund. Waived management fees are not
subject to management fee offsets. The amount of such waived
management fees has the potential to be significant, and it is possible that
management fee offsets will not be fully realized by a Fund’s limited
partners due to waived management fees and/or timing of receipt of
compensation subject to offsets, resulting in a net additional benefit to the
Adviser.
Because, as a result of Waiver Contributions being made and invested on
the Adviser’s behalf, the Adviser invests capital alongside a Fund and its
limited partners, this form of compensation may be distinguished from
performance- based compensation that is considered to create a potential
conflict of interest in that it may create an incentive to make investments
that are riskier or more speculative than in the absence of such a
performance-based fee. Per SEC Rule 205-3, performance fees based upon
appreciation or growth in a client account strictly require prior written
approval from the client. While the Adviser does not believe the Rule
applies to Waiver Contributions, nevertheless it has secured the agreement
of each Fund to the same as reflected in each Fund’s LPA. The Chief
Compliance Officer is responsible for ensuring such arrangements are
established in accordance with that Rule. Although they are not clients of
the Adviser, nevertheless for purposes of the Waiver Contributions, the
limited partners of each Fund are provided with clear disclosure as to how
the Waiver Contributions operate in each Fund and any risks associated
with such Waiver Contributions.
The Adviser is permitted to exempt certain investors in the Funds from
payment of all or a portion of management fees and/or carried interest,
including the Adviser and any other person designated by the Adviser. Any
such exemption from fees and/or carried interest may be made by a direct
exemption, a rebate by the Adviser and/or its affiliates, or through other
Funds which co-invest with a Fund. For example, in instances where an
SK Capital professional or its affiliate invests in a Fund, such professional
or its affiliate generally will be exempt from payment of management fees
and carried interest with respect to such Fund. Additionally, to the extent
permitted by the relevant LPA, the Adviser has the right to permit
investors, affiliated with the Adviser or otherwise, to invest through the
relevant General Partner or other vehicles that do not bear management
fees or carried interest.
The Funds generally invest on a long-term basis. Accordingly, investment
advisory and other fees are expected to be paid, except as otherwise
described in the relevant LPA or Offering Memorandum, over the term of
the relevant Fund, and investors are generally not permitted to withdraw
or redeem interests in the Funds.
Employees of the Firm generally receive salaries and other compensation
derived from, and in the case of the Managing Partners, including a portion
of, the Management Fee, carried interest or other compensation received
by the Adviser or its affiliates. Certain former employees may be entitled
to receive compensation derived from, and in certain cases including a
portion of, carried interest or other compensation received by the Adviser
or its affiliates.
fees incurred. If clients may select either method, disclose this fact.
Explain how often you bill clients or deduct your fees.
The Adviser bills each Fund for and is paid the management fee quarterly
in advance.
with your advisory services, such as custodian fees or mutual fund
expenses. Disclose that clients will incur brokerage and other transaction
costs, and direct clients to the section(s) of your brochure that discuss
brokerage.
Each General Partner will pay all ordinary administrative and overhead
expenses incurred in connection with maintaining and operating its
office(s), including employees’ salaries, rent, utilities, etc.
In addition to the applicable management fee, each Fund will pay all other
costs and expenses of such Fund that are not reimbursed by portfolio
companies (which reimbursements may be for travel and any other out-of-
pocket expenses incurred in connection with the making, monitoring
and/or disposing of prospective and/or actual portfolio company
investments, including follow-on investments and refinancings),
including, but not limited to, legal, auditing, consulting, financing,
accounting, custodian, depositary, transfer, registration and other similar
fees and expenses; expenses associated with such Fund’s financial
statements, tax returns, Schedule K-1s or any other administrative,
regulatory or other Fund-related reporting or filing obligations; out-of-
pocket expenses incurred in connection with transactions not
consummated, including expenses relating to such transactions that have
been offered to co-investors; expenses of such Fund’s advisory board and
annual meetings of such Fund’s limited partners and any other meeting
with any limited partner(s); insurance (including directors and officers
insurance); any travel (including, where appropriate as determined by the
relevant General Partner, the cost of using private air travel at a cost equal
to the cost of first-class commercial airfare), lodging, meals or
entertainment relating to any of the foregoing, including in connection
with consummated and unconsummated investment and disposition
opportunities; other expenses associated with the acquisition, holding and
disposition of such Fund’s investments, including extraordinary expenses
(such as litigation, if any); and any taxes, fees or other governmental
charges levied against such Fund.
The Funds also bear their share of expenses (including, without limitation,
rent, personnel costs and corporate expenses) relating to fund
administrative and similar services performed by, or on behalf of, a Fund’s
holding companies, structuring vehicles or other entities maintained by the
Fund, the General Partner(s), or their respective affiliates in connection
with certain local jurisdictions’ requirements. To the extent that brokerage
fees are incurred, they will be incurred in accordance with the general
practices set forth in “Brokerage Practices.”
In addition to management fees and carried interest, the Adviser and/or its
affiliates receive transaction fees, monitoring fees and/or other
compensation in connection with management and other services
performed for portfolio companies of Funds and such additional
compensation will offset, in whole or in part, the management fees
otherwise payable to the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates
generally have discretion over whether to charge transaction fees,
monitoring fees or other compensation to a portfolio company and, if so,
the rate, timing and/or amount of such compensation. In most
circumstances, such compensation is not reviewed or approved by an
independent third party. The receipt of such compensation generally will
give rise to potential conflicts of interest between the Funds, on the one
hand, and the Adviser and/or its affiliates on the other hand.
As a matter of practice, the Adviser is typically paid portfolio company
fees from, on behalf of or with respect to co-investors in an investment.
The receipt of such fees will not reduce the management fees payable by
any Fund(s) that have also invested in such investment, and as a result a
Fund will, in most, if not all, cases, only benefit with respect to its allocable
portion of any such fee and not the portion of any fee that relates to such
co-investors, which may be significant.
Consultants
Additionally, as further described herein and in the applicable Offering
Memorandum and/or LPA, the Adviser retains certain consultants (each, a
“Consultant”) to provide services to (or with respect to) one or more Funds
or certain current or prospective portfolio companies in which one or more
Funds invest. Services provided by Consultants generally relate to the
identification, acquisition, holding, improvement and/or disposition of
portfolio companies, including operational aspects of such companies.
Consultants may include individuals who serve in a management or
policy-making position for one or more portfolio companies.
Compensation received by Consultants may consist of cash fees and other
types of compensation, including, but not limited to, transaction fees,
profits or equity interests in one or more portfolio companies, or profits or
equity interests in one or more Funds or General Partners. Consultant
compensation typically has been determined according to one or more
methods, including the value of the time (including an allocation for
overhead and other fixed costs) of the relevant Consultant and amounts
charged by other providers for comparable services, but such
compensation could in the future be calculated using other methods,
including, but not limited to, methods based on a percentage of cash flows
from the portfolio company, a percentage of the value of the portfolio
company or the invested capital exposed to the portfolio company. No
compensation received by Consultants will offset management fees.
Consultants also generally will be reimbursed for certain travel and other
costs in connection with their services, and such reimbursed amounts also
will not offset management fees. The use of Consultants subjects the
Adviser to conflicts of interest, as discussed herein.
To the extent that an expense is common to multiple Funds (including
without limitation legal expenses for a transaction in which all such Funds
participate, or other fees or expenses in connection with services the
benefit of which is received by multiple Funds over time), it is the
Adviser’s practice to advance amounts related to such expense and receive
reimbursement from the Funds to which such expense relates. While the
Adviser does not expect to cause one Fund to pay an expense common to
multiple Funds, in the unlikely event that this occurs, the Fund that pays
such an expense will be reimbursed by the other relevant Fund(s) for their
share of such expense, without interest. While the Adviser believes such
circumstances to be highly unlikely, it is possible that one of the other
Funds could default on its obligation to reimburse the paying Fund.
As described above, in certain circumstances, the relevant General Partner
is expected to permit certain investors to co-invest in portfolio companies
alongside one or more Funds, subject to the Adviser’s related policies and
the relevant LPA(s) and/or Side Letter(s). Where a co-investment vehicle
is formed, such entity will bear expenses related to its formation and
operation, many of which are similar in nature to those borne by the Funds.
In the event that a transaction in which a co-investment was planned,
including a transaction for which a co-investment was believed necessary
in order to consummate such transaction or would otherwise have been
beneficial in the judgment of the General Partner, ultimately is not
consummated, all broken deal expenses relating to such proposed
transaction will be borne by the Fund(s), and not by any potential co-
investors, that were to have participated in such transaction. However, to
the extent that such co-investors have already invested in a co-investment
or other vehicle in connection with such transaction, such vehicle is
expected to bear its share of such broken deal expenses.
fact. Explain how a client may obtain a refund of a pre-paid fee if the
advisory contract is terminated before the end of the billing period. Explain
how you will determine the amount of the refund.
As noted above, management fees are payable to the Adviser quarterly in
advance.
of securities or other investment products, including asset-based sales
charges or service fees from the sale of mutual funds, disclose this fact and
respond to Items 5.E.1, 5.E.2, 5.E.3 and 5.E.4.
Not applicable to the Adviser.
your supervised persons an incentive to recommend investment products
based on the compensation received, rather than on a client’s needs.
Describe generally how you address conflicts that arise, including your
procedures for disclosing the conflicts to clients. If you primarily
recommend mutual funds, disclose whether you will recommend “no-
load” funds.
Not applicable to the Adviser.
you recommend through other brokers or agents that are not affiliated with
you.
Not applicable to the Adviser.
commissions and other compensation for the sale of investment products
you recommend to your clients, including asset-based distribution fees
from the sale of mutual funds, disclose that commissions provide your
primary or, if applicable, your exclusive compensation.
Not applicable to the Adviser.
disclose whether you reduce your advisory fees to offset the commissions
or markups.
Note: If you receive compensation in connection with the purchase or sale
of securities, you should carefully consider the applicability of the broker-
dealer registration requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
and any applicable state securities statutes
Not applicable to the Adviser.
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Item 6: If you or any of your supervised persons accepts performance-based fees – that is, fees
based on a share of capital gains on or capital appreciation of the assets of a client (such as a client
that is a hedge fund or other pooled investment vehicle) – disclose this fact. If you or any of your
supervised persons manage both accounts that are charged a performance-based fee and accounts
that are charged another type of fee, such as an hourly or flat fee or an asset-based fee, disclose
this fact. Explain the conflicts of interest that you or your supervised persons face by managing
these accounts at the same time, including that you or your supervised persons have an incentive
to favor accounts for which you or your supervised persons receive a performance-based fee, and
describe generally how you address these conflicts.
The General Partners of certain Funds receive distributions of a portion of the profits of such
Funds, if any, as a “carried interest.” Limited partners and prospective limited partners in each
Fund should refer to the applicable Offering Memorandum for a detailed description of the carried
interest.
The existence of performance-based compensation has the potential to create an incentive for a
General Partner to make more speculative investments on behalf of a Fund than it would otherwise
make in the absence of such arrangement, although the Adviser generally considers performance-
based compensation to better align its interests with those of its investors.
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Item 7: Describe the types of clients to whom you generally provide investment advice, such as
individuals, trusts, investment companies, or pension plans. If you have any requirements for
opening or maintaining an account, such as a minimum account size, disclose the requirements.
The Adviser presently provides investment advice only to the Funds. As such, it has only one type
of client: private funds. The Funds may include investment partnerships or other investment
entities formed under domestic or foreign laws and operated as exempt investment pools under the
Investment Company Act. The investors participating in the Funds may include individuals, banks
or thrift institutions, other investment entities, university endowments, sovereign wealth funds,
family offices, pension and profit-sharing plans, trusts, estates or charitable organizations or other
corporations or business entities and may include, directly or indirectly, principals or other
employees of the Adviser and its affiliates and members of their families, Consultants or other
service providers retained by the Adviser.
The Funds include alternative investment vehicles established from time to time to permit one or
more investors to participate in one or more particular investment opportunities in a manner
desirable for tax, regulatory or other reasons. Alternative investment vehicle sponsors generally
have limited discretion to invest the assets of these vehicles independent of limitations or other
procedures set forth in the organizational documents of such vehicles and the related Fund.
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AND RISK OF LOSS Item 8.A Describe the methods of analysis and investment strategies you use in
formulating investment advice or managing assets. Explain that investing
in securities involves risk of loss that clients should be prepared to bear.
Investment Strategies
The Adviser’s Managing Partners recommend investments in industries
in which they have prior industry, operating and investing experience. An
integrated operating and investment team (the “Management Team”), on
an as needed basis and at the request of each Fund, coaches the existing
management of each Fund’s operating portfolio companies and upgrades
human capital to further drive business transformation. The Adviser also
advises each Fund and the General Partners on how to influence
operations of portfolio partners through board and voting control,
corporate carve-outs and entrepreneurial transitions. More details on the
present focus sectors are below:
Specialty Materials and Chemicals: Specialty materials and chemicals are
the high performance components of metals, alloys, plastics, fibers,
ceramics and other composites essential to the production and
functionality of numerous everyday products. The “specialty” nature of
such materials and chemicals is characterized by differentiated
technology, enhanced application know-how and specialized
manufacturing processes required in their production as well as the need
for customization of their optical, magnetic, electric, thermal, mechanical
and physical properties.
Healthcare: The Firm’s healthcare focus is related to healthcare as an end
market for chemicals/materials as well as the historical sectors in which
the Managing Partners have worked, operated and invested. Current
sectors of interest within healthcare include Pharmaceuticals and
Healthcare Services
• Pharmaceuticals: including active ingredients, drug delivery, services,
specialty products, generics and tools and reagents
• Healthcare services: including specialty laboratories, hospital
outsourcing, distribution and logistics and provider services
Investment Criteria
The Firm has an investment committee made up of the Managing
Partners, who make all decisions concerning the advice to be given to the
Funds regarding portfolio company investments (see Item 13.A).
However, it is the responsibility of the applicable General Partner to
determine whether such investment opportunities are suitable for a Fund,
subject to certain limitations spelled out in the applicable LPA.
Due Diligence and Analysis
Different members of the Adviser’s Management Team bring strong
functional experience to target opportunities that fit a specific profile,
with a focus in specialty materials, chemicals and healthcare market
transactions. This focus includes fundamentally sound but under-
performing businesses, or businesses whose growth and operating
complexities are not easily understood. The Adviser maintains flexibility
in the types of investments it recommends, reviewing companies by
company size, investment stage, financial health, geography, investment
amount, type, and structure. It attempts to continually maintain
manageable and controllable risks including through the conservative use
of financial leverage. It provides advice and direction to each Fund during
the entirety of the investment process, from sourcing to realization,
ensuring integration and coordination of resources and focus on key value
drivers.
Item 8.B For each significant investment strategy or method of analysis you use,
explain the material risks involved. If the method of analysis or strategy
involves significant or unusual risks, discuss these risks in detail. If your
primary strategy involves frequent trading of securities, explain how
frequent trading can affect investment performance, particularly through
increased brokerage and other transaction costs and taxes.
Business Risks Each Fund’s investment portfolio will consist primarily of securities
issued by privately held companies, and operating results in a specified
period will be difficult to predict. Such investments involve a high degree
of business and financial risk that can result in substantial losses. In some
cases, the success of a Fund’s investment strategy will depend, in part, on
the ability of such Fund to restructure and effect improvements in the
operations of a portfolio company. The activity of identifying and
implementing operating improvements at portfolio companies entails a
high degree of uncertainty. There can be no assurance that a Fund will be
able to successfully identify and implement such improvements. An
investment in a Fund should only be considered by persons who can
afford a loss of their entire investment.
Future and Past Performance The performance of the Managing Partners’ or the Adviser’s prior
investments is not necessarily indicative of a Fund’s future results. While
each General Partner intends for the applicable Fund(s) to make
investments that have estimated returns commensurate with the risks
undertaken, there can be no assurances that any targeted internal rate of
return will be achieved. Among other factors, the past performance of
individual portfolio investments does not reflect the management fees,
carried interest, taxes, transaction costs and other expenses to be borne by
the limited partners, which in the aggregate are expected to be significant.
On any given investment, loss of principal is possible.
Other Activities The Managing Partners and other employees of the Adviser will devote
that portion of their time to the affairs of each Fund necessary for the
proper performance of their duties. However, other investment activities
of the Adviser are likely to require those individuals to devote substantial
amounts of their time to matters unrelated to the business of the Funds,
including the Adviser’s existing or future portfolio of investments, which
may pose conflicts in the allocation of management resources. The Funds
will have no interest in these other activities.
Concentration of Investments Each Fund anticipates participating in a limited number of investments
principally in the targeted industry sectors. As a result, each Fund’s
investment portfolio could become highly concentrated, and the
performance of a few holdings may substantially affect its aggregate
return. Furthermore, to the extent that the capital raised is less than the
targeted amount, a Fund may invest in fewer portfolio companies and thus
be less diversified. Since all of a Fund’s investments cannot reasonably
be expected to perform well or even return capital, for a Fund to achieve
above-average returns one or a few of its investments must perform very
well. There can be no assurance that this will be the case. In addition,
limited partners have no assurance as to the degree of diversification of a
Fund’s portfolio investments, either by geographic region, asset type or
domain. To the extent a Fund concentrates investments in a particular
issuer, security or geographic region, its investments will become more
susceptible to fluctuations in value resulting from adverse economic and
business conditions with respect thereto. Furthermore, if a Fund co-
invests with other private equity funds, a limited partner may have
exposure to portfolio investments through more than one fund. In
circumstances where a General Partner intends to refinance all or a portion
of the capital invested in a transaction, there will be a risk that such
refinancing may not be completed, which could lead to increased risk as
a result of a Fund having an unintended long-term investment as to a
portion of the amount invested and/or reduced diversification.
Concentration of Investments in Select Sectors Each Fund intends to concentrate its investments in the specialty
chemicals, materials, healthcare and related industries. Concentration in
select industries may involve risks greater than those generally associated
with broadly diversified acquisition funds, including significant
fluctuations in returns based on market perception of the selected
industries. Instability, fluctuation or an overall decline within the
specialty chemicals, materials, healthcare and related industries will likely
not be balanced by investments in other industries not so affected. In the
event that one or more of such sectors as a whole declines, returns to
limited partners may decrease. Each Fund’s portfolio companies will
compete in this volatile environment. There is no assurance that products
or services sold by the portfolio companies will not be rendered obsolete
or adversely affected by competing products and services or that the
portfolio companies will not be adversely affected by other challenges.
Moreover, competition can result in significant downward pressure on
pricing.
Proprietary Rights Many target portfolio companies rely on a combination of patent,
copyright, trademark and trade secret protection and non-disclosure
agreements to establish and protect proprietary rights. There can be no
assurance that a Fund or a portfolio company will be able to protect these
rights or will have the financial resources to do so, or that competitors will
not develop technologies substantially equivalent or superior to a
company’s technologies. While piracy adversely affects portfolio
company revenue, the impact on revenue from outside the United States
is significant, particularly in countries where laws are less protective of
intellectual property rights. The absence of harmonized patent laws makes
it more difficult to ensure consistent respect for patent rights. Reductions
in the legal protection for intellectual property rights could adversely
affect portfolio companies.
Dynamic Investment Strategy While each General Partner generally intends to seek attractive returns for
the applicable Fund(s) primarily through making private equity
investments as described herein, a General Partner may pursue additional
investment strategies and may modify or depart from its initial investment
strategy, investment process and investment techniques to the extent it
determines such modification or departure to be appropriate and
consistent with the relevant LPA(s). A General Partner may pursue
investments outside of the industries and sectors in which the Managing
Partners have previously made investments or have internal operational
experience.
Growth Equity Transactions. A Fund may make growth-equity investments. While growth-equity
investments offer the opportunity for significant capital gains, such
investments may involve a higher degree of business and financial risk
that can result in substantial or total loss. Growth-equity portfolio
companies may operate at a loss or with substantial variations in operating
results from period to period, and many will need substantial additional
capital to support additional research and development activities or
expansion, to achieve or maintain a competitive position, and/or to expand
or develop management resources. Growth-equity portfolio companies
may face intense competition, including from companies with greater
financial resources, better brand recognition, more extensive
development, marketing and service capabilities and a larger number of
qualified managerial and technical personnel.
Lack of Sufficient Investment Opportunities Each Fund will encounter competition from other entities having similar
investment objectives. Potential competitors include other investment
partnerships and corporations, strategic industry acquirers and other
financial investors, including hedge funds, investing directly or through
affiliates. Further, over the past several years, an ever-increasing number
of private equity funds have been or are being formed (and many existing
funds have grown in size). Additional funds with similar investment
objectives may be formed in the future by other unrelated parties. Some
of these competitors may have more relevant experience, greater financial
resources, a greater willingness to take on risk and more personnel than
the General Partners, the Funds and their affiliates. The Adviser expects
that competition for appropriate investment opportunities may increase,
which may also require a Fund to participate in auctions, the outcome of
which cannot be guaranteed, thus reducing the number of investment
opportunities available to a Fund and/or adversely affecting the terms
upon which portfolio investments can be made. Participating in auctions
will also increase the pressure on a Fund with respect to pricing of a
transaction. For example, given the increasingly more competitive
environment, the Adviser has found it more difficult to obtain buyer-
favorable terms in a transaction, such as receiving an indemnification by
the seller for a breach of representations or warranties, the ability to
terminate a transaction if financing sources become unavailable or
unwilling to fund or the ability to terminate the transaction if there has
been a material adverse change in the company’s business prior to closing
of the investment. In addition, the Adviser has found that competitors for
investment opportunities are willing to offer seller-favorable terms in a
transaction, such as providing a “reverse break-up fee” and fund-level
guarantees. In the event a financing-related closing condition is not
available to a Fund or if a Fund is required to provide a reverse break-up
fee or guarantee in connection with a potential investment, such Fund may
become obligated to consummate a transaction on less favorable terms or
may be required to fund the reverse break-up or similar fee in connection
with a potential investment that is not made.
Unspecified Investments The limited partners of a Fund must rely upon the ability of such Fund’s
General Partner and the Adviser to identify, structure and implement
portfolio investments consistent with such Fund’s investment objectives
and policies. A Fund may be unable to find a sufficient number of
attractive opportunities that meet its investment objectives. If enough
sufficiently attractive investments are not identified for a Fund, it is
possible that such Fund will never be fully invested. However, a Fund’s
limited partners generally will be required to pay management fees during
such Fund’s investment period based on the entire amount of such limited
partners’ commitments and other expenses as set forth in the applicable
LPA.
Illiquidity; Lack of Current Distributions Investment in a Fund requires a long-term commitment with no certainty
of return. There most likely will be little or no near-term cash flow
available to the partners. Many of the portfolio investments will be highly
illiquid and there can be no assurance that a Fund will be able to realize
returns on such portfolio investments in a timely manner. Consequently,
dispositions of such portfolio investments may require a lengthy time
period or may result in distributions in kind to the partners. While a
portfolio investment may be sold at any time, it is not generally expected
that this will occur for a number of years after the portfolio investment in
a portfolio company is made. A Fund will generally acquire securities that
cannot be sold except pursuant to a registration statement filed under the
Securities Act, or in a private placement or other transaction exempt from
registration under the Securities Act. In some cases, a Fund may be
prohibited by contract from selling certain securities for a period of time.
Even where a Fund holds freely tradable publicly traded securities, such
Fund’s position may represent a significant portion of the outstanding
public float of a particular company, creating a degree of illiquidity when
such Fund wishes to dispose of or reduce its position in such company by
selling shares into the market.
Leveraged Investments A Fund may make use of leverage by incurring debt to finance a portion
of its investment in a given portfolio company, including in respect of
companies not rated by credit agencies. Leverage generally magnifies
both such Fund’s opportunities for gain and its risk of loss from a
particular investment. The cost and availability of leverage is highly
dependent on the state of the broader credit markets, which state is
difficult to accurately forecast, and at times it may be difficult to obtain
or maintain the desired degree of leverage. The use of leverage will also
result in interest expense and other costs to a Fund that may not be covered
by distributions made to such Fund or appreciation of its investments. The
use of leverage also imposes restrictive financial and operating covenants
on a company, in addition to the burden of debt service, and may impair
its ability to operate its business as desired and/or finance future
operations and capital needs. The leveraged capital structure of portfolio
companies will increase the exposure of a Fund’s investments to any
deterioration in a company’s condition or industry, competitive pressures,
an adverse economic environment or rising interest rates (which recently
have been at or near historic lows), and could accelerate and magnify
declines in the value of such Fund’s investments in the leveraged portfolio
companies in a down market. In the event any portfolio company cannot
generate adequate cash flow to meet its debt service, a Fund may suffer a
partial or total loss of capital invested in the portfolio company, which
could adversely affect the returns of such Fund. Furthermore, should the
credit markets be tight at the time a Fund determines that it is desirable to
sell all or a part of a portfolio company, such Fund may not achieve an
exit multiple or enterprise valuation consistent with its forecasts.
Moreover, the companies in which a Fund will invest generally will not
be rated by a credit rating agency. A Fund may also borrow money or
guaranty indebtedness (such as a guaranty of a portfolio company’s debt).
The short-term use of borrowings by a Fund also will result in interest
expense and other costs to such Fund that may not be covered by
distributions made to such Fund or appreciation of its investments. A
Fund may incur borrowings on a joint and several basis with one or more
other Funds and entities managed by the Adviser or any of its affiliates
and may have a right of contribution, subrogation or reimbursement from
or against such entities. In addition, to the extent a Fund incurs borrowings
(or provides such guaranties), such amounts may be secured by capital
commitments made by such Fund’s investors and such investors’
contributions may be required to be made directly to the lenders instead
of such Fund.
Limited Transferability of Interests in the Fund There will be no public market for interests in the Funds and none is
expected to develop. Each limited partner will be required to represent
that it is a qualified investor under applicable securities laws and that it is
acquiring its interest for investment purposes and not with a view to resale
or distribution. Further, each limited partner must represent that it will
only sell or transfer its interest with prior written consent from the
applicable General Partner to a qualified investor under applicable
securities laws and in a manner permitted by the applicable LPA and
consistent with those laws. Voluntary withdrawals from a Fund will not
be permitted. Consequently, limited partners may not be able to liquidate
their investments prior to the end of a Fund’s term and must be prepared
to bear the risks of an investment in a Fund for an extended period of time.
Restricted Nature of Investment Positions Generally, there will be no readily available market for Fund investments,
and hence, most of the Funds’ investments will be difficult to value.
Certain investments may be distributed in kind to the partners of a Fund
and it may be difficult to liquidate the securities received at a price or
within a time period that is determined to be ideal by such partners. After
a distribution of securities is made to the partners, many partners may
decide to liquidate such securities within a short period of time, which
could have an adverse impact on the price of such securities. The price at
which such securities may be sold by such partners may be lower than the
value of such securities determined pursuant to the applicable LPA,
including the value used to determine the amount of carried interest
available to the applicable General Partner with respect to such
investment.
Investment in Junior Securities The securities in which a Fund will invest may be among the most junior
in a portfolio company’s capital structure and, thus, subject to the greatest
risk of loss. Generally, there will be no collateral to protect a Fund’s
investment once made.
Reliance on the General Partner and Portfolio Company Management Control over the operation of a Fund will be vested entirely with its
General Partner and the Adviser, and a Fund’s future profitability will
depend largely upon the business and investment acumen of the Managing
Partners. The loss or reduction of service of one or more of the Managing
Partners could have an adverse effect on a Fund’s ability to realize its
investment objectives. Other than as expressly set forth in the applicable
LPA, limited partners will have no right or power to take part in the
management of a Fund, and as a result, the investment performance of a
Fund will depend entirely on the actions of its General Partner and the
Adviser. In addition, certain changes in its General Partner or the Adviser
or circumstances relating to its General Partner or the Adviser may have
an adverse effect on a Fund or one or more of its portfolio companies
including potential acceleration of debt facilities.
Although the applicable General Partner and the Adviser will monitor the
performance of each Fund investment, it will primarily be the
responsibility of each portfolio company’s management team to operate
the portfolio company on a day-to-day basis. Although the applicable
General Partner and the Adviser will be responsible for monitoring the
performance of each portfolio investment and the Funds seek to invest in
companies operated by strong management, there can be no assurance that
the existing management team, or any successor, will be able to operate
the portfolio company successfully. The success of many of the Adviser’s
portfolio companies is heavily dependent on the management of such
companies. There can be no assurance that the management team of a
portfolio company on the date a portfolio investment is made will remain
the same or continue to be affiliated with the company throughout the
period the portfolio investment is held. Further, the applicable General
Partner will generally establish the capital structure of companies in
which a Fund invests on the basis of financial projections for such
companies. Projected operating results of a company in which a Fund
invests normally will be based primarily on the judgment of the
management team of such portfolio company. In all cases, projections are
only estimates of future results that are based upon assumptions made at
the time that the projections are developed. There can be no assurance that
the projected results will be attained, and actual results may vary
significantly from the projections. General economic factors, which are
not predictable, can have a material adverse impact on the reliability of
projections.
Minority Investments; Lack of Unilateral Control A Fund may invest in minority positions of portfolio companies alongside
other private equity funds. In such cases, such Fund will significantly rely
on the existing management and co-investors, which may include
representation of other financial investors with whom such Fund is not
affiliated and whose interests may conflict with the interests of such Fund.
Even if a Fund is the majority investor or controlling shareholder, as
applicable, of a portfolio company, in certain circumstances it may not
have unilateral control of the portfolio company. If taking non-control
positions, a Fund generally will seek to negotiate certain negative controls
and veto rights on major decisions, but there can be no assurance that a
Fund will be able to control the timing of or occurrence of an exit strategy
for such portfolio companies in a manner that maximizes or protects
value.
Handling of Mail Certain Funds have a registered office in the Cayman Islands and mail
received at that location will be forwarded unopened to the relevant Fund
to be dealt with at the forwarding address supplied by the Fund to entity
providing registered office services in the Cayman Islands. Notices and
other communications intended for a General Partner may be delayed to
the extent they are sent to a Fund’s registered office in the Cayman Islands
rather than to the General Partner’s principal office, and none of the
Funds, the General Partners or any of their respective partners, members,
managers, directors, officers or service providers will bear any
responsibility for any such delay. In particular, it is possible that the
partners, members, managers, directors and officers of the General
Partners and the Adviser will only receive, open or deal directly with mail
that is addressed to them personally (as opposed to mail which is
addressed just to a Fund), and that other personnel of the General Partners
or the Adviser will handle such forwarded mail.
Co-Investments The allocation of co-investment opportunities could be made to one or
more persons for any number of reasons, which may not be in the best
interests of a Fund or any individual limited partner. A Fund may co-
invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other
entities or arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not present
in investments where a third-party is not involved, including the
possibility that a third-party co-investor may at any time have financial
difficulties, resulting in a negative impact on such investment, have
economic or business interests or goals which are inconsistent with those
of a Fund, or may be in a position to take (or block) action in a manner
contrary to a Fund’s investment objectives. In addition, a Fund may in
certain circumstances be liable for the actions of its third-party co-investor
or partner. In those circumstances where such third parties involve a
management group, such third parties may receive compensation
arrangements relating to such investments, including incentive
compensation arrangements.
Additionally, from time to time and as permitted by the relevant
Governing Documents, the Adviser expects to provide (or agree to
provide) co-investment opportunities (including the opportunity to
participate in co-invest vehicles) to certain investors or other persons,
including other sponsors, market participants, finders, consultants and
other service providers, Adviser personnel and/or certain other persons
associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. Such co-investments
typically involve investment and disposal of interests in the applicable
portfolio company at the same time and on the same terms as the Fund
making the investment. However, from time to time, for strategic and
other reasons, a co-investor or co-invest vehicle may purchase a portion
of an investment from one or more Funds after such Funds have
consummated their investment in the portfolio company (also known as a
post-closing sell-down or transfer).
The Adviser has established, and may establish in the future, an
investment vehicle to co-invest alongside a particular Fund to seek to
enhance the investment opportunity set for such Fund by improving the
probability of closing larger investment opportunities, potentially limiting
certain risks associated with relying solely on a typical equity co-
investment syndication process in the case of sizable transactions, and
allowing for greater control of companies in which the relevant Fund and
the co-invest vehicle invest. However, there is no guarantee that any such
co-investment vehicle will ultimately enhance a Fund’s investment
opportunity set, and there can be no assurance that co-investment
opportunities will be available for such co-investment vehicle. Limited
partners who participate in such a co-invest vehicle may pay reduced
economics or receive preferred allocations of their capital commitments
with respect to the co-investment vehicle or corresponding Fund. There
can be no assurance that a Fund’s return from a transaction would be equal
to and not less than the return of another party that was allocated a co-
investment opportunity and that is participating in the same transaction.
Conflicts of interest may arise in the allocation of such co-investment
opportunities.
Limited Operating History Certain Funds have limited operating histories and are entirely dependent
on their respective General Partners and the Adviser. Furthermore, there
can be no assurance that such Funds’ investments will achieve results
similar to those attained by previous investments of the Adviser. In
addition, any Fund’s investments may differ from previous investments
made by the Adviser in a number of respects, including target return
levels, level of risk associated with a particular investment, amount
invested in a particular company, types of companies within a particular
industry sector, amount of leverage used, structure, and holding period.
Projections Projected operating results of a portfolio company in which a Fund invests
normally will be based primarily on financial projections prepared by
such company’s management, with adjustment to such projections made
by the relevant General Partner in its discretion. In all cases, projections
are only estimates of future results that are based upon information
received by the company and third parties and assumptions made at the
time the projections are developed. There can be no assurance that the
results set forth in the projections will be attained, and actual results may
be significantly different from the projections. Also, general economic
factors, which are not predictable, can have a material effect on the
reliability of projections.
Need for Follow-On Investments Following its initial investment in a given portfolio company, a Fund may
decide to provide additional funds to such portfolio company or may have
the opportunity to increase its investment in a portfolio company, whether
for opportunistic reasons, to fund the needs of the business, as an equity
cure under applicable debt documents or for other reasons. There is no
assurance that any Fund will make follow-on investments or that any Fund
will have sufficient funds to make all or any of such investments. Any
decision by a Fund not to make follow-on investments or its inability to
make such investments may have a substantial negative effect on a
portfolio company in need of such an investment (including an event of
default under applicable debt documents in the event an equity cure
cannot be made) or may result in a lost opportunity for such Fund to
increase its participation in a successful operation. Additionally, such
failure to make such investments may result in a lost opportunity for a
Fund to increase its participation in a successful portfolio company or the
dilution of such Fund’s ownership in a portfolio company if a third party
invests in such portfolio company. In addition to certain of a Fund’s
portfolio investments, particularly those in “platform” phase, many need
additional capital to sustain their working capital needs. If the capital
provided by a Fund is not sufficient, or if such Fund is unable to provide
additional capital, a portfolio company may have to raise further capital
at a price unfavorable to existing investors, including such Fund. To the
extent a portfolio company in which a Fund invested receives additional
funding in subsequent financings and such Fund does not participate in
such additional financing rounds, the interests of such Fund in such
portfolio company would be diluted.
Claims Related to Improper Handling, Storage or Disposal of Hazardous Chemicals Certain portfolio companies may use or produce hazardous chemical
materials. The risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any
resultant injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. The portfolio
companies may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from
their use or the use by third parties of these materials, and their liability
may exceed any insurance coverage and their total assets.
Product Liability Claims; Product Recall The sale of certain products of portfolio companies involves the risk of
product liability claims and voluntary or government-ordered product
recalls. For example, certain of the products that the portfolio companies
manufacture could be used in and around other chemical manufacturing
facilities, highways, airports and other locations where personal injury or
property damage may occur or could be used in certain consumer goods
such as beverages, personal care products and medicinal applications.
While portfolio companies attempt to protect themselves from product
liability claims and exposures through adherence to standards and
specifications and through contractual negotiations, there can be no
assurance that such efforts will ultimately protect the portfolio companies
from any such claims. A product liability claim or voluntary or
government-ordered product recall could result in substantial and
unexpected expenditures, affect consumer or customer confidence in the
portfolio company’s products and divert management’s attention from
other responsibilities. A product recall or successful product liability
claim or series of claims against a portfolio company in excess of its
insurance coverage and for which it is not otherwise indemnified could
have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results
of operations or cash flows.
Regulatory Costs Relating to Portfolio Companies in Specialty Industrials Sectors Each Fund anticipates investing in manufacturing and service-oriented
portfolio companies in the chemical and specialty industrials sectors
which are expected to be required to comply with numerous federal, state
and local statutory and regulatory standards including, but not limited to,
those related to air emissions, water discharge, waste disposal, the
environment and safety and health. Failure to obtain or a delay in the
receipt of relevant governmental permits or approvals, including
regulatory approvals, could hinder operation of an investment and result
in fines or additional costs. Permits and approvals may be costly and/or
time-consuming to obtain. Moreover, the adoption of new laws or
regulations, or changes in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations
or changes in the persons charged with political oversight of such laws or
regulations, could have a material adverse effect upon a portfolio
company of a Fund and could necessitate the creation of new business
models and the restructuring of investments in order to meet regulatory
requirements, which may be costly and/or time-consuming.
Chemical Regulatory Actions May Decrease Profitability Several governmental entities have enacted, are considering or may
consider in the future, regulations that may impact the ability of
businesses in the specialty materials and chemicals sectors to sell certain
chemical products in certain geographic areas. For example, in December
2006, the European Union enacted a regulation known as REACH, which
stands for Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals. This
regulation requires manufacturers, importers and consumers of certain
chemicals manufactured in, or imported into, the European Union to
register such chemicals and evaluate their potential impacts on human
health and the environment. REACH and other similar regulatory
programs may result in significant adverse market impacts on the affected
chemical products. If a portfolio company fails to comply with REACH
or other similar laws and regulations, it may be subject to penalties or
other enforcement actions, including fines, injunctions, recalls or seizures,
which would have an adverse effect on the relevant Fund’s financial
condition, cash flows and profitability.
Hazardous Chemical Regulations Certain target portfolio companies may produce hazardous chemicals that
require care in handling and use that are subject to regulation by many
U.S. and non-U.S. national, supra-national, state and local governmental
authorities. In some circumstances, these authorities must approve
products and manufacturing processes and facilities before a portfolio
company may sell some of these chemicals. To obtain regulatory approval
of certain new products, it must be demonstrated to the relevant authority
that the product is safe for its intended uses and that such product is
capable of being manufactured in compliance with current regulations.
The process of seeking approvals can be costly, time consuming and
subject to unanticipated and significant delays. Approvals may not be
granted on a timely basis, or at all. Any delay in obtaining, or any failure
to obtain or maintain these approvals would adversely affect a portfolio
company’s ability to introduce new products and to generate revenue from
those products. New laws and regulations may be introduced in the future
that could result in additional compliance costs, bans on product sales or
use, seizures, confiscation, recall or monetary fines, any of which could
prevent or inhibit the development, distribution or sale of products and
could increase customers’ efforts to find less hazardous substitutes for
products.
Regulatory Approvals for Healthcare Products The research, development, preclinical and clinical trials, manufacturing,
labeling, and marketing related to a healthcare industry company’s
products are subject to an extensive regulatory approval process by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and other regulatory
agencies in the United States and abroad. The process for obtaining FDA
and other required regulatory approvals, including the required preclinical
and clinical testing is very lengthy, costly, and uncertain. There can be no
guarantee that, even after such time and expenditures, a portfolio
company will be able to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for
clinical testing or for the manufacturing or marketing of any products or
that the approved labeling will be sufficient for favorable marketing and
promotional activities. If a portfolio company is unable to obtain these
approvals in a timely fashion, or if after approval for marketing, a product
is later shown to be ineffective or to have unacceptable side effects not
discovered during testing, the portfolio company may experience
significant adverse effects, which in turn, could negatively affect the
performance of the Funds.
Third-Party Reimbursements In both the U.S. and foreign markets, sales of a healthcare product and its
success will depend in part on the availability of reimbursement from
third-party payors such as government health administration authorities,
private health insurers, and other organizations. The levels of revenues
and profitability of pharmaceutical companies may be affected by the
continuing efforts of governmental and third- party payors to contain or
reduce the costs of health care. Significant uncertainty exists as to the
reimbursement status of newly approved health care products. There can
be no assurance that a company’s proposed products will be considered
cost-effective or that adequate third-party reimbursement will be available
to enable a company to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an
appropriate return on its investment in product development.
Healthcare Regulation, Reimbursement and Reform Certain industry segments in which the Funds intend to invest, including
various segments of the healthcare industry are (or may become) (i) highly
regulated at both the federal and state levels in the United States and
internationally and (ii) subject to frequent regulatory change. Certain
segments may be highly dependent upon various government (or private)
reimbursement programs. While the Funds intend to invest in companies
that seek to comply with applicable laws and regulations, the laws and
regulations relating to certain industries, including in particular the
healthcare industry, are complex, may be ambiguous or may lack clear
judicial or regulatory interpretive guidance. An adverse review or
determination by any applicable judicial or regulatory authority of any
such law or regulation, or an adverse change in applicable regulatory
requirements or reimbursement programs, could have a material adverse
effect on the operations and/or financial performance of the companies in
which a Fund invests. By way of example, the healthcare industry has
been, and will likely continue to be, significantly impacted by recent
legislative changes, and various U.S. federal, state or local or non-U.S.
legislative proposals related to the healthcare industry are introduced from
time to time, which, if adopted, could have a significant impact on such
industries in general and/or on companies in which a Fund may invest.
Risk of Litigation It is difficult to predict with certainty the cost of defense, of prosecution
or of the ultimate outcome of litigation and other proceedings filed by or
against portfolio companies in the specialty materials and chemicals
sectors, including penalties or other civil or criminal sanctions, or
remedies or damage awards, and adverse results in any litigation and other
proceedings may materially harm a Fund’s portfolio companies.
Litigation and other proceedings may include, but are not limited to,
actions relating to intellectual property, international trade, commercial
arrangements, product liability, environmental, health and safety, joint
venture agreements, labor and employment or other harms resulting from
the actions of individuals or entities outside of the General Partners’ or
Adviser’s control. In the case of intellectual property litigation and
proceedings, adverse outcomes could include the cancellation,
invalidation or other loss of material intellectual property rights used in a
portfolio company’s business and injunctions prohibiting its use of
business processes or technology that are subject to third-party patents or
other third-party intellectual property rights. Litigation based on
environmental matters or exposure to hazardous substances in the
workplace or from a portfolio company’s products could result in
significant liability for such portfolio company, which would have an
adverse effect on a Fund’s financial condition, cash flows and
profitability.
Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive The EU Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (the “AIFMD”)
regulates the activities of certain private fund managers undertaking fund
management activities or marketing fund interests to investors within the
European Economic Area (“EEA”). If a Fund is actively marketed to
investors domiciled or having their registered office in the EEA: (a) such
Fund and the Adviser may be subject to certain reporting, disclosure and
other compliance obligations under the AIFMD, which will result in such
Fund incurring additional costs and expenses; (b) such Fund and/or the
Adviser may become subject to additional regulatory or compliance
obligations arising under national law in certain EEA jurisdictions, which
would result in such Fund incurring additional costs and expenses or
otherwise affect the management and operation of such Fund; (c) the
Adviser may be required to make detailed information relating to such
Fund and its investments available to regulators and third parties; and (d)
the AIFMD may also restrict certain activities of such Fund in relation to
EEA portfolio companies including, in some circumstances, such Fund’s
ability to recapitalize, refinance or potentially restructure an EEA
portfolio company within the first two years of ownership, which may in
turn affect operations of the Fund generally. In addition, it is possible that
some EEA jurisdictions will elect to restrict or prohibit the marketing of
non-EEA funds to investors based in those jurisdictions, which may make
it more difficult for such Fund to raise its targeted amount of
commitments.
Tax Information Exchange Regimes; FATCA Withholding Tax on Certain Non-U.S. Entities The United States, pursuant to the “Foreign Account Tax Compliance
Act” or “FATCA” has entered into numerous intergovernmental
agreements with various jurisdictions concerning the exchange of
information as a means to combat tax evasion. The United Kingdom has
entered into similar agreements with various jurisdictions. Other countries
are also considering such agreements, and the OECD has developed a
worldwide tax information exchange standard pursuant to which many
countries have now signed multilateral agreements for the exchange of
information. One or more of these information exchange regimes are
likely to apply to a Fund and/or alternative investment vehicles, and may
require a Fund’s General Partner to collect and share with applicable
taxing authorities information concerning limited partners (including
identifying information and amounts of certain income allocable or
distributable to them). A limited partner’s failure to provide such
information may result in withdrawal from a Fund and/or alternative
investment vehicles. In addition, FATCA generally imposes a
withholding tax of 30% on a non-U.S. entity’s share of most payments
attributable to investments in the United States, including dividends,
interest, and, beginning on January 1, 2019, gross proceeds of a
disposition of stock, unless an exception applies.
Enhanced Scrutiny and Certain Effects of Potential Regulatory Changes There has recently been significant discussion regarding enhanced
governmental scrutiny and/or increased regulation of the private equity
industry. There can be no assurance that any such scrutiny or regulation
will not have an adverse impact on the Funds’ activities, including the
ability of each Fund to implement operating improvements or otherwise
execute its investment strategy or achieve its investment objectives.
The combination of recent scrutiny of private equity firms (along with
other alternative asset managers) and their investments by various
politicians, regulators and market commentators, and the public
perception that certain alternative asset managers, including private
equity firms, contributed to the recent downturn in the United States and
global financial markets, may complicate or prevent a Fund’s efforts to
consummate investments, both in general and relative to competing
bidders outside of the alternative asset space. As a result, a Fund may
invest in fewer transactions or incur greater expenses or delays in
completing investments than it otherwise would have.
Additionally, recently enacted U.S. federal income tax legislation treats
certain allocations of capital gains to service providers by partnerships
such as the Funds as short-term capital gain (taxed at higher ordinary
income rates) unless the partnership has held the asset which generated
such gain for more than three years. This could reduce the after-tax returns
of the Adviser’s senior professionals, employees, or other individuals
associated with the Funds, the Adviser, or the General Partners who were
or may in the future be granted direct or indirect interests in carried
interest, which could make it more difficult for the General Partners and
their affiliates to incentivize, attract and retain individuals to perform
services for the Funds.
Moreover, legal, tax and regulatory changes could occur during the term
of a Fund that may adversely affect such Fund, its portfolio companies or
partners. For example, from time to time the market for private equity
transactions has been adversely affected by a decrease in the availability
of senior and subordinated financing for transactions, in part in response
to regulatory pressures on providers of financing to reduce or eliminate
their exposure to such transactions. A Fund may invest in portfolio
companies that operate in a highly regulated environment and are subject
to extensive legal and regulatory restrictions and limitations and to
supervision, examination and enforcement by regulatory authorities. New
and existing regulations and burdens of regulatory compliance may
directly impact the business and results of the operations of, or otherwise
have a material adverse effect on, portfolio companies that are subject to
regulation. Failure to comply with any of these laws, rules and
regulations, some of which are subject to interpretation and may be
subject to change, could result in a variety of adverse consequences,
including civil penalties and fines, which may have material adverse
effects.
Non-U.S. Investments The Funds may invest in portfolio companies that are organized or
headquartered or have substantial sales or operations outside of the United
States, its territories and possessions. Such investments may be subject to
certain additional risks due to, among other things, potentially unsettled
points of applicable governing law, the risks associated with fluctuating
currency exchange rates, capital repatriation regulations (as such
regulations may be given effect during the term of a Fund), the application
of complex U.S. and non-U.S. tax rules to cross-border investments,
possible imposition of non-U.S. taxes on a Fund and/or its partners with
respect to such Fund’s income and possible non-U.S. tax return filing
requirements for such Fund and/or its partners.
Additional risks of non-U.S. investments include: (a) economic
dislocations in the host country; (b) less publicly available information;
(c) less well-developed regulatory institutions; (d) greater difficulty of
enforcing legal rights in a non-U.S. jurisdiction; (e) civil disturbances; (f)
government instability; and (g) nationalization and expropriation of
private assets. Moreover, non-U.S. companies may not be subject to
uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices
and requirements comparable to those that apply to U.S. companies.
Further, non-U.S. investment in securities of companies in certain of the
countries in which a Fund may invest is restricted or controlled to varying
degrees. These restrictions or controls may at times limit or preclude non-
U.S. investment above certain ownership levels or in certain sectors of the
country’s economy and increase the costs and expenses of a Fund. While
regulation of non-U.S. investment has liberalized in recent years
throughout much of the world, there can be no assurance that more
restrictive regulations will not be adopted in the future. Some countries
require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income,
capital or the proceeds of sales by non-U.S. investors and non-U.S.
currency. A Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to
grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital
interests and dividends paid on securities held by such Fund, and income
on such securities or gains from the disposition of such securities may be
subject to withholding taxes imposed by certain countries where such
Fund invests or in other jurisdictions.
Bridge Financings From time to time, a Fund may lend to portfolio companies on a short-
term, unsecured basis in anticipation of a future issuance of equity or long-
term debt securities or other refinancing or syndication. Such bridge loans
would typically be convertible into a more permanent, long-term security;
however, for reasons not always within a Fund’s control, such long-term
securities may not be issued and such bridge loans may remain
outstanding. In such event, the interest rate on such loans may not
adequately reflect the risk associated with the unsecured position taken by
such Fund.
Hedging Arrangements A General Partner may (but is not obligated to) endeavor to manage a
Fund’s or any portfolio company’s currency exposures, interest rate
exposures or other exposures using hedging techniques where available
and appropriate. A Fund may incur costs related to such hedging
arrangements, which may be undertaken in exchange-traded or over-the-
counter (“OTC”) contexts, including futures, forwards, swaps, options
and other instruments. There can be no assurance that adequate hedging
arrangements will be available on an economically viable basis or that
such hedging arrangements will achieve the desired effect, and in some
cases hedging arrangements may result in losses greater than if hedging
had not been used.
In some cases, particularly in OTC contexts, hedging arrangements will
subject a Fund to the risk of a counterparty’s inability or refusal to perform
under a hedging contract, or the potential loss of assets held by a
counterparty, custodian or intermediary in connection with such hedging.
OTC contracts may expose a Fund to additional liquidity risks if such
contracts cannot be adequately settled.
Certain hedging arrangements may create for a General Partner and/or one
of its affiliates an obligation to register with the U.S. Commodity Futures
Trading Commission (“CFTC”) or other regulator or comply with an
applicable exemption. Losses may result to the extent that the CFTC or
other regulator imposes position limits or other regulatory requirements
on such hedging arrangements, including under circumstances where the
ability of a Fund or a portfolio company to hedge its exposures becomes
limited by such requirements
U.S. Dollar Denomination of Interests Interests are denominated in U.S. dollars. Prospective investors
subscribing for interests in any country in which U.S. dollars are not the
local currency should note that changes in the rate of exchange between
U.S. dollars and such currency may have an adverse effect on the value,
price or income of the investment to such investor. There may be foreign
exchange regulations applicable to investments in foreign currencies in
certain jurisdictions. Each prospective investor should consult with its, his
or her own counsel and advisors as to all legal, tax, financial and related
matters concerning an investment in the interests.
Investments Longer than Term A Fund may make investments which may not be advantageously
disposed of, or have liabilities that may not be resolved, prior to the date
that such Fund will be dissolved, either by expiration of such Fund’s term
or otherwise. Although each General Partner expects that investments will
be disposed of prior to winding up and termination or be suitable for in-
kind distribution at the winding up and termination and each General
Partner has a limited ability to extend the term of its Fund(s), a Fund may
have to sell, distribute or otherwise dispose of investments or resolve
litigation or other contingent liabilities at a disadvantageous time as a
result of the winding up and termination. In addition, although upon the
termination of a Fund, its General Partner will be required to use its best
efforts to reduce to cash and cash equivalents such assets of such Fund as
its General Partner shall deem it advisable to sell, subject to obtaining fair
value for such assets and any tax or other legal considerations, there can
be no assurances with respect to the time frame in which the winding up
and the final distribution of proceeds to the limited partners will occur.
Absence of Regulatory Oversight While the Funds may, in some respects, be considered to be similar to
investment companies, they are not registered, and do not intend to
register, as such under the Investment Company Act or the laws of any
other country or jurisdiction and, accordingly, the provisions of the
Investment Company Act will not be applicable to the Funds.
Recycling; Reinvestment Each General Partner has the right to generally recall certain capital
returned or distributed to its Fund(s)’ partners. Accordingly, during the
term of a Fund, a partner may be required to make capital contributions
in excess of its commitment (with certain limitations), and to the extent
such recalled or retained amounts are reinvested in investments, a partner
will remain subject to investment and other risks associated with such
investments.
Disclosure of Information Some of the Funds’ limited partners may be public pension plans and
listed investment vehicles, which are subject to public disclosure
requirements. Such public disclosure requirements include the U.S.
Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), governmental public records
access laws, state and other jurisdiction’s laws similar in intent or effect
to FOIA, and any other similar statutory or regulatory requirements. The
amount of information about their investments that is required to be
disclosed has increased in recent years, and that trend may continue. To
the extent that disclosure of confidential information relating to a Fund,
or its investments, results from limited partnership interests being held by
public investors, such Fund may be adversely affected. To the extent that
a General Partner determines in good faith that, as a result of FOIA, any
governmental public access law, any state or other jurisdiction’s laws
similar in intent or effect to FOIA, or any other similar statutory or
regulatory requirement, a limited partner or any of such limited partner’s
affiliates may be required to disclose information relating to the Fund, its
affiliates and/or any entity in which an investment is made (other than
certain fund-level, aggregate performance information), which disclosure
could, for example, affect a Fund’s competitive advantage in finding
attractive investment opportunities, the relevant General Partner may, in
order to prevent any such potential disclosure, withhold all or any part of
the information otherwise to be provided to such limited partner, as more
fully described in the Governing Documents. Without limiting the
foregoing, in the event that any party seeks the disclosure of information
relating to a Fund, its affiliates and/or any entity in which an investment
is made under FOIA or any such similar law, a General Partner may, in
its discretion, initiate legal action and/or otherwise contest such
disclosure, which may or may not be successful, and any expenses
incurred therewith will be borne by a Fund. In addition, potential future
regulatory changes applicable to investment advisors and/or the accounts
they advise could result in the Adviser and/or a Fund becoming subject to
additional disclosure requirements the specific nature of which is as yet
uncertain.
Significant Default Penalties Each LPA provides for significant penalties and other adverse
consequences in the event a limited partner defaults on its commitment or
other payment obligations. In addition to losing its right to potential
distributions from the applicable Fund, a defaulting limited partner may
be forced to transfer its interest in such Fund for an amount that is less
than the fair market value of such interest. If a limited partner fails to pay
when due installments of its commitment to a Fund, and the contributions
made by non-defaulting limited partners and borrowings by such Fund are
inadequate to cover the defaulted capital contribution, such Fund may be
unable to pay its obligations when due. As a result, a Fund may be
subjected to significant penalties that could materially adversely affect the
returns to its limited partners (including non-defaulting limited partners).
Dilution Limited partners admitted to a Fund at subsequent closings generally will
participate in then-existing investments of such Fund, thereby diluting the
interest of existing limited partners in such investments. Although any
such new limited partner will be required to contribute its pro rata share
of previously made capital contributions, there can be no assurance that
this contribution will reflect the fair value of a Fund’s existing
investments at the time of such contributions.
Side Letters The General Partners and/or the Funds may enter into Side Letters with
one or more limited partners. These Side Letters may entitle a limited
partner to make an investment in a Fund on terms other than those
described in such Fund’s Offering Memorandum and LPA. Any such
terms, including with respect to (a) opting out of particular investments,
(b) reporting obligations of such Fund, (c) transfer to affiliates, (d) co-
investment opportunities, (e) conditional withdrawal rights due to adverse
tax or regulatory events, (f) consent rights to certain amendments to the
applicable LPA or (g) any other matters described herein, may be more
favorable than those offered to any other limited partners. If a General
Partner and/or a Fund enter into a Side Letter entitling a limited partner to
opt out of a particular investment or withdraw (with the consent of such
General Partner) from such Fund, any election to opt out or withdraw by
such limited partner may increase another limited partner’s pro rata
interest in that particular investment (in the case of an opt-out) or all future
investments (in the case of a withdrawal).
General Partners’ Carried Interest Because a General Partner’s carried interest is based on a percentage of
net realized profits, it may create an incentive for a General Partner to
cause a Fund to make riskier or more speculative investments than would
otherwise be the case. Also, because there is a fixed investment period
after which capital from investors in a Fund may only be drawn down in
limited circumstances and because management fees are, at certain times
during the life of a Fund, based upon capital invested by such Fund, this
fee structure may create an incentive to deploy capital when the General
Partner might not otherwise have done so. Additionally, recently enacted
U.S. federal income tax legislation treats certain allocations of capital
gains to service providers by partnerships such as the Funds as short-term
capital gain (taxed at higher ordinary income rates) unless the partnership
has held the asset which generated such gain for more than three years.
This could reduce the after-tax returns of the Adviser’s senior
professionals, employees, or other individuals associated with the Funds,
the Adviser, or the General Partners who were or may in the future be
granted direct or indirect interests in carried interest, which could make it
more difficult for the General Partners and their affiliates to incentivize,
attract and retain individuals to perform services for the Funds. In
addition, given the longer holding period to achieve capital gains, the
General Partners may be incentivized to hold assets for longer perio
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If there are legal or disciplinary events that are material to a client’s or prospective client’s
evaluation of your advisory business or the integrity of your management, disclose all material
facts regarding those events. Items 9.A, 9.B, and 9.C list specific legal and disciplinary events
presumed to be material for this Item. If your advisory firm or a management person has been
involved in one of these events, you must disclose it under this Item for ten years following the
date of the event, unless (1) the event was resolved in your or the management person’s favor, or
was reversed, suspended or vacated, or (2) you have rebutted the presumption of materiality to
determine that the event is not material (see Note below). For purposes of calculating this ten-year
period, the “date” of an event is the date that the final order, judgment, or decree was entered, or
the date that any rights of appeal from preliminary orders, judgments or decrees lapsed.
Items 9.A, 9.B, and 9.C do not contain an exclusive list of material disciplinary events. If your
advisory firm or a management person has been involved in a legal or disciplinary event that is not
listed in Items 9.A, 9.B, or 9.C, but nonetheless is material to a client’s or prospective client’s
evaluation of your advisory business or the integrity of its management, you must disclose the
event. Similarly, even if more than ten years have passed since the date of the event, you must
disclose the event if it is so serious that it remains material to a client’s or prospective client’s
evaluation.
competent jurisdiction in which your firm or a management person
1. was convicted of, or pled guilty or nolo contendere (“no contest”)
to (a) any felony; (b) a misdemeanor that involved investments or an
investment-related business, fraud, false statements or omissions,
wrongful taking of property, bribery, perjury, forgery, counterfeiting, or
extortion; or (c) a conspiracy to commit any of these offenses;
2. is the named subject of a pending criminal proceeding that involves
an investment-related business, fraud, false statements or omissions,
wrongful taking of property, bribery, perjury, forgery, counterfeiting,
extortion, or a conspiracy to commit any of these offenses;
3. was found to have been involved in a violation of an investment-
related statute or regulation; or
4. was the subject of any order, judgment, or decree permanently or
temporarily enjoining, or otherwise limiting, your firm or a management
person from engaging in any investment-related activity, or from violating
any investment-related statute, rule, or order
Not applicable.
agency, any state regulatory agency, or any foreign financial regulatory
authority in which your firm or a management person
1. was found to have caused an investment-related business to lose its
authorization to do business; or
2. was found to have been involved in a violation of an investment-
related statute or regulation and was the subject of an order by the agency
or authority
(a) denying, suspending, or revoking the authorization of your firm or
a management person to act in an investment-related business;
(b) barring or suspending your firm’s or a management person’s
association with an investment-related business;
(c) otherwise significantly limiting your firm’s or a management
person’s investment-related activities; or
(d) imposing a civil money penalty of more than $2,500 on your firm
or a management person.
Not applicable.
management person
1. was found to have caused an investment-related business to lose its
authorization to do business; or
2. was found to have been involved in a violation of the SRO’s rules
and was: (i) barred or suspended from membership or from association
with other members, or was expelled from membership; (ii) otherwise
significantly limited from investment-related activities; or (iii) fined more
than $2,500.
Note: You may, under certain circumstances, rebut the presumption that a
disciplinary event is material. If an event is immaterial, you are not
required to disclose it. When you review a legal or disciplinary event
involving your firm or a management person to determine whether it is
appropriate to rebut the presumption of materiality, you should consider
all of the following factors: (1) the proximity of the person involved in the
disciplinary event to the advisory function; (2) the nature of the infraction
that led to the disciplinary event; (3) the severity of the disciplinary
sanction; and (4) the time elapsed since the date of the disciplinary event.
If you conclude that the materiality presumption has been overcome, you
must prepare and maintain a file memorandum of your determination in
your records. See SEC rule 204- 2(a)(14)(iii).
Not applicable.
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an application pending to register, as a broker-dealer or a registered
representative of a broker-dealer, disclose this fact.
Not applicable to the Adviser.
an application pending to register, as a futures commission
merchant, commodity pool operator, a commodity trading advisor,
or an associated person of the foregoing entities, disclose this fact.
Not applicable to the Adviser.
advisory business or to your clients that you or any of your
management persons have with any related person listed below.
Identify the related person and if the relationship or arrangement
creates a material conflict of interest with clients, describe the nature
of the conflict and how you address it.
SK Capital is affiliated with other investment advisers registered
with the SEC under the Advisers Act pursuant to SK Capital’s
registration in accordance with SEC guidance. These advisers are
the General Partners. These affiliated investment advisers operate
as a single advisory business together with SK Capital and serve as
managers or general partners of Funds and other pooled vehicles
and generally share common owners, officers, partners, employees,
consultants or persons occupying similar positions.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Valuation
Assets based on fair value methodology are valued based on
management’s judgment and estimation in accordance with the
valuation policies and procedures of the Adviser’s valuation
methods, inputs and the pricing of events (such as an impairment, a
sale, a recapitalization), that produce a realized or unrealized gain
or loss that may be recognized are inherently subjective. See
discussion of Valuation under Item 13.A for more details.
Policies and Procedures
The Adviser has adopted policies and procedures designed to
address and mitigate potential conflicts of interest as it relates to the
Adviser’s regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions.
These procedures will be revised as needed. See discussion of Code
of Ethics under Item 11.A for more details
clients and you receive compensation directly or indirectly from
those advisers that creates a material conflict of interest, or if you
have other business relationships with those advisers that create a
material conflict of interest, describe these practices and discuss the
material conflicts of interest these practices create and how you
address them.
Not applicable.
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TRANSACTIONS AND PERSONAL TRADING adopted pursuant to SEC rule 204A-1 or similar state rules. Explain that you
will provide a copy of your code of ethics to any investor, client or
prospective client upon request.
As of February 1, 2012, the Adviser adopted a Code of Ethics designed to
comply with the requirements of Rule 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers
Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”). The Code of Ethics applies to the
Adviser’s access persons and sets forth a standard of business conduct that
takes into account the Adviser’s status as a fiduciary and requires access
persons to place the interests of the Adviser’s clients above their own
interests. The Code of Ethics requires access persons to comply with
applicable federal securities laws. Further, access persons are required to
promptly bring violations of the Code to the attention of the Adviser’s Chief
Compliance Officer. All access persons are provided with a copy of the
Code and are required to acknowledge receipt of the Code on at least an
annual basis.
Among other requirements, the Code of Ethics sets forth certain reporting
and pre-clearance requirements with respect to personal trading by access
persons. The Adviser’s access persons must provide the Chief Compliance
Officer with a list of their personal accounts and an initial holdings report
within 10 days of becoming an access person. Such access persons must
provide annual holdings reports and quarterly transaction reports in
accordance with Rule 204A-1.
The Code of Ethics also addresses activities which may lead to or give the
appearance of conflicts of interest or prohibited or unethical business
conduct. This includes provisions relating to the protection of non-public
information and a prohibition on insider trading. It also includes limitations
on outside affiliations, de minimis limits on reporting gifts and business
entertainment items, the reporting of political contributions, and the cited
limitations and supervision of personal securities transactions and holdings
in reportable securities.
A copy of the Adviser’s Code of Ethics will be provided to any investor,
client or prospective investor or client upon request.
accounts, securities in which you or a related person has a material financial
interest, describe your practice and discuss the conflicts of interest it
presents. Describe generally how you address conflicts that arise.
Examples: (1) You or a related person, as principal, buys securities from (or
sells to) your clients; (2) you or a related person acts as general partner in a
partnership in which you solicit client investments; or (3) you or a related
person acts as an investment adviser to an investment company that you
recommend to clients.
As noted in Item 4.A above, the Managing Partners of the Adviser also own
a majority of the capital and profits interests in the General Partners.
Consistent with industry practice and the expectations of the limited partners
in the Funds, each General Partner is required to commit capital to the Funds
for which it serves as general partner in an amount specified in the applicable
LPA. See also Item 6, above.
Moreover, the Adviser’s related persons are subject to its policies and
procedures regarding confidential or proprietary information, the
information barriers and personal trading. In addition, the Adviser has
additional policies and procedures relating to certain personal securities
transactions by its personnel. These policies may extend to the Adviser’s
oversight of any outside solicitors or placement agents.
e.g., warrants, options or futures) that you or a related person recommends
to clients, describe your practice and discuss the conflicts of interest this
presents and generally how you address the conflicts that arise in connection
with personal trading.
The Adviser and its affiliates may give advice and recommend the purchase
or sale of securities and other financial instruments, or buy or sell such
securities, and instruments for their own account. Potential conflicts of
interest may arise in connection with the personal trading activities of the
Adviser’s employees. In particular, certain of the Adviser’s Managing
Partners, principals and employees (collectively, its “Personnel”) currently
do, and expect in the future to, carry on investment activities for their own
account and for family members, friends or others who do not invest in a
Fund, and give advice and recommend securities to vehicles that differs from
advice given to, or securities recommended or bought for, a Fund, even
though their respective investment objectives may be the same or similar.
Certain Personnel may also establish family offices to provide investment
advisory, accounting, administrative and other services to their respective
family accounts in connection with their personal investment activities
unrelated to their investments in one or more Funds. Each of the family
offices employs its own professional staff at its own expense, and each of
them conducts its day-to-day operations independently of the Adviser and
the Funds.
The involvement of Personnel in these activities could give rise to potential
conflicts between the personal financial interests of such Personnel and the
interests of the Adviser’s clients (for example, the Governing Documents
and investment programs of certain Funds may restrict, limit or prohibit, in
whole or subject to certain procedural requirements, investments of certain
other vehicles in issuers held by such Funds or may give priority with respect
to investments to such Funds). The Adviser has adopted certain procedures
designed to mitigate some of these potential conflicts (for example, by
requiring Personnel and their family members, friends and personal
investment staff to refrain from making direct investments in portfolio
companies that are controlled by one or more Funds or that are the subject
of announced transactions involving Funds).
In order to prevent such conflicts, the Adviser’s Code of Ethics is designed
to ensure that the personal securities transactions of the Adviser and its
affiliates, officers and employees, and members of their families, do not
conflict with transactions effected on behalf of any Fund. Employees of the
Adviser must (i) place the interests of the Adviser’s clients first, (ii) avoid
taking inappropriate advantage of their positions within the Adviser, and (iii)
conduct their personal securities transactions in full compliance with the
Code of Ethics.
As required by Rule 204A-1 of the Advisers Act, the Adviser requires its
employees (i.e. access persons) to report their securities transactions on at
least a quarterly basis and disclose their securities holdings upon
employment and on an annual basis thereafter. The Adviser also restricts the
personal trading of its employees. In particular, when applicable, the
Adviser maintains a Restricted List containing the names of securities which
employees are generally prohibited from trading. The Adviser also
maintains policies and procedures to prevent insider trading that are
designed to prevent the misuse of material, non-public information. The
Adviser’s personnel are required to certify on an annual basis their
compliance with such policies and procedures as well as the Code of Ethics.
securities for client accounts, at or about the same time that you or a related
person buys or sells the same securities for your own (or the related person’s
own) account, describe your practice and discuss the conflicts of interest it
presents. Describe generally how you address conflicts that arise.
Note: The description required by Item 11.A may include information
responsive to Item 11.B, C or D. If so, it is not necessary to make repeated
disclosures of the same information. You do not have to provide disclosure
in response to Item 11.B, 11.C, or 11.D with respect to securities that are not
“reportable securities” under SEC rule 204A-1(e)(10) and similar state rules.
Please refer to the responses in Items 11.A, 11.B, and 11.C.
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broker- dealers for client transactions and determining the reasonableness
of their compensation (e.g., commissions).
1. Research and Other Soft Dollar Benefits. If you receive research or other
products or services other than execution from a broker-dealer or a third
party in connection with client securities transactions (“soft dollar
benefits”), disclose your practices and discuss the conflicts of interest they
create.
Note: Your disclosure and discussion must include all soft dollar benefits
you receive, including, in the case of research, both proprietary research
(created or developed by the broker-dealer) and research created or
developed by a third party.
a. Explain that when you use client brokerage commissions (or
markups or markdowns) to obtain research or other products or services,
you receive a benefit because you do not have to produce or pay for the
research, products or services.
b. Disclose that you may have an incentive to select or recommend a
broker- dealer based on your interest in receiving the research or other
products or services, rather than on your clients’ interest in receiving most
favorable execution.
c. If you may cause clients to pay commissions (or markups or
markdowns) higher than those charged by other broker-dealers in return
for soft dollar benefits), disclose this fact.
d. Disclose whether you use soft dollar benefits to service all of your
clients’ accounts or only those that paid for the benefits. Disclose whether
you seek to allocate soft dollar benefits to client accounts proportionately
to the soft dollar credits the accounts generate.
e. Describe the types of products and services you or any of your
related persons acquired with client brokerage commissions (or markups
or markdowns) within your last fiscal year.
Note: This description must be specific enough for your clients to
understand the types of products or services that you are acquiring and to
permit them to evaluate possible conflicts of interest. Your description
must be more detailed for products or services that do not qualify for the
safe harbor in section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, such
as those services that do not aid in investment decision-making or trade
execution. Merely disclosing that you obtain various research reports and
products is not specific enough.
f. Explain the procedures you used during your last fiscal year to direct
client transactions to a particular broker-dealer in return for soft dollar
benefits you received.
Best Execution
The Adviser’s advisory business generally involves privately negotiated
transactions in which best execution obligations do not arise in the same
context as transactions in publicly-traded securities. However, if in the
future the Adviser purchases or sells publicly-traded securities, it will, in
those circumstances, seek to achieve the “best price and execution.” The
SEC generally describes this process as a duty to execute securities
transactions so that a client’s total costs or proceeds in each transaction are
the most favorable under the circumstances. While this duty generally
begins with a requirement that the Adviser obtain the best price available
for the securities in each transaction, the Adviser may take into account a
number of factors, including a broker’s trading expertise, reliability,
responsiveness, reputation, execution, clearance, settlement and error
correction capabilities, availability of securities to borrow or short sales,
and the value of research it provides.
When executing a transaction in any investment with or for a Fund, the
Adviser will take all reasonable steps to ensure that the counterparty is
reliable and will monitor the quality of execution; and that the terms and
circumstances of the transaction are the best available on the relevant
market at the time of execution for transactions of the same size and nature.
To the extent applicable, the Adviser’s efforts in this area also include
periodic reviews by investment professionals and the Chief Compliance
Officer of the performance of broker-dealers. A copy of the written record
of such reviews will be maintained by Chief Compliance Officer.
Soft Dollars
Not applicable. The Adviser, as a matter of policy, does not effect soft
dollar transactions and does not enter into soft dollar arrangements in
respect of transactions for the Funds.
recommending broker-dealers, whether you or a related person receives
client referrals from a broker-dealer or third party, disclose this practice
and discuss the conflicts of interest it creates.
a. Disclose that you may have an incentive to select or recommend a
broker- dealer based on your interest in receiving client referrals, rather
than on your clients’ interest in receiving most favorable execution.
b. Explain the procedures you used during your last fiscal year to
direct client transactions to a particular broker-dealer in return for client
referrals.
Not applicable.
a. If you routinely recommend, request or require that a client direct
you to execute transactions through a specified broker-dealer, describe
your practice or policy. Explain that not all advisers require their clients to
direct brokerage. If you and the broker-dealer are affiliates or have another
economic relationship that creates a material conflict of interest, describe
the relationship and discuss the conflicts of interest it presents. Explain
that by directing brokerage you may be unable to achieve most favorable
execution of client transactions, and that this practice may cost clients
more money.
b. If you permit a client to direct brokerage, describe your practice. If
applicable, explain that you may be unable to achieve most favorable
execution of client transactions. Explain that directing brokerage may cost
clients more money. For example, in a directed brokerage account, the
client may pay higher brokerage commissions because you may not be able
to aggregate orders to reduce transaction costs, or the client may receive
less favorable prices.
Note: If your clients only have directed brokerage arrangements subject to
most favorable execution of client transactions, you do not need to respond
to the last sentence of Item 12.A.3.a or to the second or third sentences of
Item 12.A.3.b.
Not applicable.
sale of securities for various client accounts. If you do not aggregate orders
when you have the opportunity to do so, explain your practice and describe
the costs to clients of not aggregating.
As noted above, the Adviser does not anticipate engaging in significant
public securities transactions. However, to the extent that the Adviser
engages in any such transactions, from time to time, the Adviser may, but
is not obligated to, purchase or sell securities for several client accounts at
approximately the same time. Such orders may be combined or “batched”
to facilitate obtaining best execution and/or to reduce brokerage
commissions or other costs. Batched transactions are executed in a manner
intended to ensure that no participating Fund of the Adviser is favored over
any other Fund. When an aggregated order is filled in its entirety, each
participating Fund generally will receive the average price obtained on all
such purchases or sales made during such trading day. To the extent such
orders are not batched, they may have the effect of increasing brokerage
commissions or other costs.
When an aggregate order is partially filled, the securities purchased or sold
will normally be allocated on a pro rata basis to each Fund participating in
such buy or sell order in accordance with the amount of securities
originally requested for such Funds.
Each Fund generally will receive the average price obtained on all such
purchases or sales made during such trading day. Exceptions to pro rata
allocations are permissible provided they are fair and equitable to the
Funds over time.
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plans. If you do, describe the frequency and nature of the review, and the
titles of the supervised persons who conduct the review.
Investment Reviews
The Adviser tailors its advisory services to the individual needs of its
Funds and not to the individual needs of a Fund’s limited partners. The
Adviser does not advise the limited partners and assumes no obligations
with respect to any limited partner.
Portfolio reviews for each Fund are conducted at least quarterly by various
investment professionals who are members of the investment committee
and reported to the entire investment committee and the Chief Compliance
Officer. As part of these reviews, the investment professionals monitor
operations, overall performance, financial performance, and strategic
direction of each portfolio company owned by each Fund.
Valuation As a fiduciary, the Adviser has an obligation to ensure that each Fund’s
assets are valued appropriately in order to provide the most accurate
reporting possible.
The Adviser’s valuation procedures are based on industry accounting and
other industry standards. The Adviser values its investments at their fair
value, in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standard Committee’s
Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820-10, “Fair Value
Measurements.”
factors that trigger a review
Please refer to Item 13.A.
provide to clients regarding their accounts. State whether these reports are
written.
As part of the advisory services it provides to the Funds, the Adviser assists
the General Partner of each Fund in providing certain reports to such
Fund’s limited partners in accordance with such Fund’s obligations under
the applicable LPA. Generally, Fund limited partners will receive quarterly
unaudited reports of Fund performance and annual audited financial
statements.
Each LPA requires the applicable General Partner to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to send all limited partners within 90 days after the end
of each fiscal year of the applicable Fund (subject to reasonable delays in
the event of late receipt of any necessary information) an audit report
including a balance sheet and statements of income and changes in
partners’ equity and changes in cash flows, prepared in accordance with
U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, plus a schedule and
summary description of the investments owned by such Fund at year end
and a statement for each limited partner of its capital account and tax
information necessary for completion of its tax returns.
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for providing investment advice or other advisory services to your
clients, generally describe the arrangement, explain the conflicts of
interest, and describe how you address the conflicts of interest. For
purposes of this Item, economic benefits include any sales awards
or other prizes.
Not applicable.
person who is not your supervised person for client referrals,
describe the arrangement and the compensation.
Note: If you compensate any person for client referrals, you should
consider whether SEC rule 206(4)-3 or similar state rules regarding
solicitation arrangements and/or state rules requiring registration of
investment adviser representatives apply.
Not applicable.
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Item 15: If you have custody of client funds or securities and a qualified custodian sends quarterly,
or more frequent, account statements directly to your clients, explain that clients will receive
account statements from the broker-dealer, bank or other qualified custodian and that clients
should carefully review those statements. If your clients also receive account statements from you,
your explanation must include a statement urging clients to compare the account statements they
receive from the qualified custodian with those they receive from you.
Although the Adviser is deemed to have custody of the underlying assets of the Funds by virtue of
its status as general partner of each Fund, the Adviser does not maintain physical custody of the
Funds’ assets. In compliance with Rule 206(4)-2 under the Advisers Act, the Adviser reasonably
believes that all limited partners in the Funds will be provided with audited financial statements
for the applicable Fund, prepared by an independent accounting firm that is registered with and
subject to review by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, in accordance with U.S.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, within 120 days of the end of such Fund’s fiscal years
(i.e., generally by April 30).
Limited partners are urged to compare the account statements they receive from the administrator
with the performance reports, if any, provided by the applicable General Partner.
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Item 16: If you accept discretionary authority to manage securities accounts on behalf of clients,
disclose this fact and describe any limitations clients may (or customarily do) place on this
authority. Describe the procedures you follow before you assume this authority (e.g., execution of
a power of attorney).
As explained in Item 8.A, above, the Adviser advises each General Partner regarding all
investment decisions to be made by the applicable Fund(s), but each General Partner retains full
discretionary authority to manage and make investments for such Fund(s). There are no accounts
which are sub- advised by either affiliated or non-affiliated portfolio managers.
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describe your voting policies and procedures, including those adopted
pursuant to SEC rule 206(4)-6. Describe whether (and, if so, how) your
clients can direct your vote in a particular solicitation. Describe how you
address conflicts of interest between you and your clients with respect to
voting their securities. Describe how clients may obtain information from
you about how you voted their securities. Explain to clients that they may
obtain a copy of your proxy voting policies and procedures upon request.
The Adviser has adopted the SK Capital Proxy Voting Policies and
Procedures (the “Proxy Policy”) to address how it will vote proxies, as
applicable, for the Funds’ portfolio investments. The Proxy Policy seeks
to ensure that the Adviser votes proxies (or similar instruments) in the best
interest of a Fund, including where there may be material conflicts of
interest in voting proxies. The Adviser generally believes its interests are
aligned with those of each Fund’s investors, for example, through the
Managing Partners’ beneficial ownership interests in such Fund and
therefore will not seek investor approval or direction when voting proxies.
In the event that there is or may be a conflict of interest in voting proxies,
the Proxy Policy provides that the Adviser may address the conflict using
several alternatives, including by seeking the approval or concurrence of a
Fund’s advisory board on the proposed proxy vote or through other
alternatives set forth in the Proxy Policy. Additionally, a Fund’s advisory
board may approve the Adviser’s vote in a particular solicitation. The
Adviser does not consider service on portfolio company boards by the
Adviser’s personnel or the Adviser’s receipt of management or other fees
from portfolio companies to create a material conflict of interest in voting
proxies with respect to such companies. In addition, the Proxy Policy sets
forth certain specific proxy voting guidelines followed by the Adviser
when voting proxies on behalf of a Fund. If you would like a copy of the
Adviser’s complete Proxy Policy or information regarding how the
Adviser voted proxies for particular portfolio companies, please contact
Andrew Jenkinson, the Firm’s Chief Compliance Officer, at (646) 442-
2422, and it will be provided to you at no charge.
Explain whether clients will receive their proxies or other solicitations
directly from their custodian or a transfer agent or from you, and discuss
whether (and, if so, how) clients can contact you with questions about a
particular solicitation.
Not applicable.
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six months or more in advance, include a balance sheet for your most
recent fiscal year.
1. The balance sheet must be prepared in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles, audited by an independent public
accountant, and accompanied by a note stating the principles used to
prepare it, the basis of securities included, and any other explanations
required for clarity.
2. Show parenthetically the market or fair value of securities included
at cost.
3. Qualifications of the independent public accountant and any
accompanying independent public accountant’s report must conform to
Article 2 of SEC Regulation S-X.
Note: If you are a sole proprietor, show investment advisory business
assets and liabilities separate from other business and personal assets and
liabilities. You may aggregate other business and personal assets unless
advisory business liabilities exceed advisory business assets.
Note: If you have not completed your first fiscal year, include a balance
sheet dated not more than 90 days prior to the date of your brochure.
Exception: You are not required to respond to Item 18.A of Part 2A if you
also are: (i) a qualified custodian as defined in SEC rule 206(4)-2 or similar
state rules; or (ii) an insurance company.
Not applicable.
or you require or solicit prepayment of more than $1,200 in fees per client,
six months or more in advance, disclose any financial condition that is
reasonably likely to impair your ability to meet contractual commitments
to clients.
Note: With respect to Items 18.A and 18.B, if you are registered or are
registering with one or more of the state securities authorities, the dollar
amount reporting threshold for including the required balance sheet and
for making the required financial condition disclosures is more than $500
in fees per client, six months or more in advance
The Adviser is not currently aware of any financial condition that is
reasonably likely to impair its ability to meet contractual commitments to
its clients.
the past ten years, disclose this fact, the date the petition was first brought,
and the current status.
Not applicable.
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