counterparties or brokers for the execution of Client transactions and determining the
reasonableness of their compensation.
Item 6 – Performance-Based Fees and Side-by-Side Management
As described in Item 5 above, we charge Performance Fees to certain Clients. Performance
Fees are fees based on a share of net capital appreciation of the Client’s assets in excess
of unrecouped losses.
Performance Fee arrangements create an incentive for us to invest Clients’ assets in ways
that are riskier or more speculative than under a different fee arrangement. In addition,
certain Clients pay higher Performance Fees or utilize higher levels of leverage (which can,
depending on investment performance have the effect of such Clients paying relatively
higher Performance Fees) than other Clients, some of which pay no Performance Fees, and
this creates an incentive for us to favor such higher fee-paying Clients in the allocation of
investment opportunities.
Our allocation policy is intended to ensure that investment opportunities are allocated in
a manner that: (i) treats all Clients fairly and equitably over time; (ii) prevents the
aforementioned conflicts from influencing the allocation of investment opportunities
among Clients; and (iii) complies with applicable regulatory requirements. In addition, we
have an allocation algorithm that allocates all filled orders based on a defined allocation
procedure reasonably designed to treat all Clients fairly and equitably over time.
We will restrict, limit or reduce the amount of a Client’s investment in a security where
holdings in such security by a Client, or across Clients in the aggregate, exceed a certain
ownership threshold or would otherwise result in excessive transaction costs. In these
situations, we also have the discretion to determine not to engage in an investment for a
Client, even where such investment could be beneficial to the Client. This can occur when
a position or transaction is subject to regulatory or other restrictions.
When we allocate investment opportunities, we take into account the factors noted above,
as applicable, and as a result, it is possible that some or all of the eligible Clients will not
receive a pro rata allocation, or any allocation.
Our conflicts of interest policy is available upon request.
Pursuant to US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) Regulation 1.35(b)(5)(iii)
and NFA Compliance Rule 2-10 and its accompanying Interpretive Release (Interpretive
Notice 9029), we will make the following information available to Clients and Fund
investors, the CFTC, the US Department of Justice, or other appropriate regulatory agency,
upon request:
(a) the general nature of the allocation methodology we will use;
(b) an indication of whether any account in which we have an interest will be included
with client accounts in bunched orders eligible for post-execution allocation; and
(c) a summary or composite data sufficient for a Client to compare its results with
those of other comparable clients and any account in which we have an interest.
Item 7 – Types of Clients
As described in Item 4 above, our clients are the Funds and Managed Accounts.
The investors in the Funds and Managed Accounts include, without limitation, pension
funds, foundations and endowments, private banks, distributor platforms, sovereign
wealth funds, funds of funds, insurance corporations, family offices and high net worth
individuals.
The minimum investment and other requirements for investing in each Fund are set out in
the relevant Governing Documents. Funds offered through private placement in the United
States are structured as private investment companies that are exempt from registration
under Section 3(c)(7) of the US Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. As a result,
US resident investors in such Funds must be “qualified purchasers” as defined in the US
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules thereunder, “accredited
investors” as defined in Regulation D under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended,
and “qualified eligible persons” as defined in the US Commodity Exchange Act and the
rules thereunder.
The minimum account size for Managed Accounts is generally $50 million.
Item 8 – Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss
A. Methods of Analysis and investment strategies
1. Investment Process
In constructing our investment strategies, we follow a process that is based on statistical
analysis of historical data. The initial stage of this process involves collecting, cleaning and
organizing relevant data. We use a variety of data inputs including technical, i.e. data
intrinsic to markets such as price, volume and open interest; and fundamental, i.e. data
external to markets such as economic statistics, industrial and commodity data and public
company financial data.
We conduct research into this data to identify relationships that may be used to make
statistical inferences. This research is used to develop investment systems that attempt to
forecast market returns, the variability or volatility associated with such returns, the
correlation between different markets and transaction costs. These investment systems
are aggregated in investment strategies that determine, within the portfolio’s risk
framework, what positions should be held to seek to maximize profit.
We implement the investment systems using computer programs that generate signals
which are applied to the instruments traded. These systems are continually modified,
including in the light of market developments and as we undertake further research.
Changes to the systems occur as a result of, amongst other things, the discovery of new
relationships, changes in market liquidity, the availability of new data or the
reinterpretation of existing data.
The implementation of our investment strategies incorporates certain subjective
elements, such as the decision as to which investment signals to use, the weightings of
particular signals, the leverage to be applied and the instruments on which to focus. In
addition, we continually monitor the behavior of the investment systems, portfolio
composition, and market conditions, and we have the discretion to make decisions based
on factors other than the output of the investment systems.
Our quantitative investment strategies are systematic and are applied to a diverse
investment universe. They invest globally long and short, using leverage, in instruments
that we believe are sufficiently liquid, and for which there is sufficient data available. These
instruments include, without limitation, equity securities (which include some or all of the
following: common stocks of companies of any market capitalization; depositary receipts;
exchange traded funds; and securities or other interests issued by collective investment
funds managed or advised by us), fixed income securities, and a range of derivative
instruments. Such derivative instruments include swaps, currency forwards, futures on
equity indices, bonds, interest rates, currencies and commodities and options.
Certain investment strategies are expected to be combined and/or focus on specific
instruments, asset classes or markets (although these are continually evolving and
developing) as described in the Governing Documents.
2. Risk Management
Management of the risk arising from market fluctuations is an integral part of our
investment strategies. In respect of our investment strategies that employ leverage, the
most important determinant of risk is the level of leverage. In order to determine the level
of leverage, comprehensive information is required on the risks our investment strategies
are taking, including: realized and forecast volatility; portfolio sensitivity to various factors;
scenario tests and stress tests using various proprietary methods; forecasts of extreme
loss frequency and measures of margin employment and leverage. We forecast volatility
in each market and the correlation between markets daily in order to forecast the overall
volatility of the portfolio and adjust leverage accordingly to manage portfolio risk.
3. Investment Objective
The investment objective of our investment strategies is to achieve long-term capital
appreciation through compound growth. There is no guarantee that this objective will
be met for any Clients. It is possible that the performance of Funds and Managed Accounts that follow the same investment strategies will be materially different for a number of reasons, including, without limitation, differences in investment universe, investment restrictions, leverage, the amount invested, timing of subscriptions and withdrawals and fees and expenses.
B.
Risk of Loss The following is a brief summary of certain material risks associated with our methods of analysis, investment strategies and the instruments in which our Clients can invest. A more comprehensive discussion of material risks for the Funds is included in the relevant Governing Documents. Risks related to investing in general:
No Guarantee of Profit or Against Loss A Client’s investment is speculative and involves
substantial risks, including the risk of loss of a Client’s entire investment. No guarantee or
representation is made that a Client will achieve its investment objective and investment
results may vary substantially over time. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
There is no assurance that the investment strategies will provide any positive return or will
not incur substantial losses.
Leverage Leverage creates an opportunity for greater yield and total return but increases
Clients’ exposure to capital risk and, if the leverage is in the form of borrowing, interest
costs. The use of leverage in a market that moves adversely could result in substantial
losses to a Client, which would be greater than if leverage was not used. Leverage can
result in losses equal to or in excess of the capital invested.
High Volatility Markets may be subject to high levels of volatility, influenced by a variety
of factors, including: changing supply and demand relationships; trade, fiscal, monetary
and exchange control programs and policies of governments; political and economic
events and policies; changes in interest rates and rates of inflation; currency devaluations
and re-evaluations; market sentiment; and force majeure events, including natural
disasters, pandemics or any other serious public health concern, war and terrorism. Such
volatility could result in significant losses for a Client.
Illiquidity of Markets Positions in financial instruments cannot always be liquidated at the
desired price or time. Securities and/or markets may be subject to suspension in certain
circumstances. It is difficult to execute a trade at a specific price when there is a relatively
small volume of buy and sell orders in a market. A market disruption, such as when
governments take or are subject to political actions that disrupt the markets in their
currency or major exports, can also affect the liquidity of the markets, thereby making it
difficult to liquidate a position. Periods of illiquidity are difficult to predict. The size of the
positions controlled by us on behalf of our Clients will exacerbate the risk of illiquidity by
both making positions more difficult to liquidate and increasing the losses incurred while
trying to do so.
Short Selling A short sale involves the theoretically unlimited risk of an increase in the
market price of the securities and the instruments sold short. There can be no guarantee
that securities necessary to cover a short position will be available for purchase.
Risks associated with specific instruments:
Futures Contracts Futures contracts carry a high degree of risk and are not assets with
intrinsic value; trading them is a “risk transfer” economic activity. The low margins normally
required in futures trading permit a very high degree of leverage. As a result, a relatively
small movement in the price of a futures contract can result in a profit or loss that is high
in proportion to the amount of assets actually placed as margin and can result in
unquantifiable further loss exceeding any margin deposited.
Commodity-Related Investments Prices of commodities can fluctuate significantly over
short periods as a result of a variety of factors, including changes in supply and demand
relationships, changes in interest or currency exchange rates, population growth and
changing demographics and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as
drought, floods or other weather conditions, transportation bottlenecks or shortages,
competition from substitute products, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs,
disease, pestilence, acts of terrorism, embargoes, tariffs and international economic,
political, military, legal and regulatory developments. Lack of liquidity, participation of
speculators and government regulation and intervention, among other factors, subject
commodity markets to temporary distortions or other disruptions.
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts Foreign exchange forward contracts are not currently
traded on exchanges and, unlike in futures markets, there is no limitation as to daily price
movements. In exceptional circumstances certain banks have refused to quote prices for
foreign exchange forward contracts or have quoted prices with an unusually wide spread
between the price at which the bank is prepared to buy and that at which it is prepared to
sell. Generally, no clearing house or exchange stands ready to meet the obligations of the
contract. Thus, Clients will be subject to the risk of the inability or refusal of their
counterparties to perform with respect to such contracts. Any such default would
eliminate any profit potential and compel Clients to cover their commitments for resale or
repurchase, if any, at the then current market price. These events could result in significant
losses to Clients. Additionally, in respect of foreign exchange forward contracts relating to
emerging market currencies, many emerging markets have underdeveloped capital
market structures where the risks associated with holding currency are significantly greater
than in other, less inflationary markets. Such currency exchange rates are highly volatile
and subject to severe event risks, as the political situation with regards to the relevant
foreign government may itself be volatile.
Equities Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that cause
their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equities in which a Client
invests will cause the value of the Client’s assets to fluctuate.
Swaps The liquidity of swaps is based on the liquidity of the underlying instrument,
subjecting swaps on illiquid underlying instruments to liquidity risk. Notional amounts of
swaps are not subject to any limitations and therefore there is an unlimited risk of loss.
Swaps are not necessarily traded on exchanges and may not otherwise be regulated if they
are traded between eligible contract participants and not on an exchange-like electronic
platform and, as a consequence, investors in such contracts would not benefit from
regulatory protections. Swaps also carry counterparty risk. Adverse movements in the
underlying security will require the buyer to post additional margin. An imperfect
correlation between the return on a Client’s obligation to its counterparty under the swaps
and the return on related assets could increase a Client’s financial risk of loss.
Emerging Market Securities Emerging market securities investments carry increased risks
due to there being less publicly available information, more volatile markets, less strict
securities market regulation, less favorable tax provisions, and a greater likelihood of
severe inflation, unstable or not freely convertible currency, war and expropriation of
personal property than investments in securities of issuers based in developed countries.
Placing securities with a custodian in an emerging country can also present considerable
risks. Investment opportunities in certain emerging markets are restricted by legal limits
on foreign investment in local securities.
Options A Client may invest in options, the prices of which depend largely upon the
likelihood of favourable price movements in the underlying asset in relation to the exercise
(or strike) price during the life of the option. Many of the risks applicable to trading the
underlying asset are also applicable to options trading. In addition, there are a number of
other risks associated with the trading of options, depending on the type of option in
which the Client invests (e.g. whether it is a call option or a put option, whether the Client
is long or short, and whether it is an American option, a European option or some other
kind of option) and the strategy used with respect to options. In particular, when an option
has been purchased, the option cannot be exercised if the price of the underlying asset
remains below the strike price (in the case of a call option) or above the strike price (in the
case of a put option) until it expires, in which case the purchaser will lose its entire
investment (being the premium it paid to purchase the option). When an option is sold,
the Client may be required to pay margin to the counterparty. If the Client takes an
uncovered short position in a call option (meaning that it has sold or written a call option
and does not hold the security that it may be required to sell to the counterparty), the
potential loss is theoretically unlimited.
Credit Spreads A Client may make investments that expose it to credit spreads and
movements in such spreads will impact on the value of Client assets. In addition, the
market for credit spreads can be inefficient and illiquid, making it difficult to accurately
calculate discounting spreads for valuing financial instruments.
Credit Default Swaps A Client may take long and short positions in credit default swaps. A
credit default swap is a type of credit derivative which allows one party (the “protection
buyer”) to transfer credit risk of a reference entity (the “reference entity”) to one or more
other parties (the “protection seller”). The protection buyer pays a periodic fee to the
protection seller in return for protection against the occurrence of a number of events
(each a “credit event”) which may be experienced by the reference entity. Credit default
swaps carry specific risks including, but not limited to, high levels of leverage, the
possibility that premiums are paid for credit default swaps which expire worthless, wide
bid/offer spreads and documentation risks. In addition, there can be no assurance that the
counterparty to a credit default swap will be able to fulfil its obligations to a Client if a
credit event occurs in respect of the reference entity. Further, the counterparty to a credit
default swap may seek to avoid payment following an alleged credit event by claiming
that there is a lack of clarity in, or an alternative meaning of, language used in the contract,
most notably the language specifying what would amount to a credit event.
Debt Securities The issuers of debt instruments, including sovereign issuers, can face
significant ongoing uncertainties and exposure to adverse conditions that could
undermine the issuer's ability to make timely payment of interest and principal. Evaluating
credit risk for debt securities involves uncertainty because credit rating agencies
throughout the world have different standards, making comparison across countries
difficult. The market for credit spreads is often inefficient and illiquid, making it difficult
to accurately calculate discounting spreads for valuing financial instruments.
Daily Price Fluctuation Limits Futures exchanges limit fluctuations in contract prices during
a single day by imposing “daily price fluctuation limits” or “daily limits” which limit trades
executed above or below the relevant limit. Futures prices have occasionally moved the
daily limit for several consecutive days with little or no trading. Similar occurrences could
prevent us from liquidating positions and subject a Client to losses that could exceed the
margins initially committed to such trades.
Position Limits and Internal Risk Limits The CFTC and exchanges both within the US and
outside the US establish “speculative position limits” on the maximum net long or net short
position which any person or group of persons is permitted to hold or control in particular
futures, options on futures contracts and swaps that perform a significant price discovery
function. In the EU, MiFID 2 imposes position limits and position reporting in relation to
certain commodity derivatives. In addition, we set internal risk limits. The assets of our
Clients will be aggregated for the purposes of speculative position limits and internal risk
limits. Our investment strategy could have to be modified, and positions held by a Client
could have to be liquidated, in order to avoid exceeding these limits. Such modification or
liquidation could increase transaction costs to liquidate positions and limit potential profits
on the liquidated positions. In the event that such position limits were deemed to be
exceeded we could be required to unwind positions, or otherwise incur additional costs or
expenses.
Exchange Controls Certain countries into which we invest on behalf of a Client have
imposed or could introduce exchange controls. The ability of Clients to convert currencies
if necessary for the purposes of making investments or to exchange the proceeds of
investments into the relevant currency will be subject to the exchange control restrictions,
if any, in force in the relevant country. While the currencies of relevant countries can
generally be successfully exchanged, there can be no assurance that suitable
counterparties and rates will be available at all times.
Risks associated with the investment strategies:
Process Exceptions The investment systems are implemented using computer programs.
Issues with the design, development, implementation, maintenance or operation of the
programs or any processes and procedures related to the investment systems (collectively,
“Process Exceptions”) may cause losses to Clients and such losses may be substantial.
Any losses or gains arising from Process Exceptions shall be for the account of Clients (i.e.,
Clients will bear any losses and will benefit from any gains) except for any losses that result
directly from our gross negligence, wilful default, fraud or other applicable liability
standard as set forth in the Governing Documents or applicable law. Process Exceptions
may include, but are not limited to:
Programming Errors We could make programming errors in translating our
mathematical models into computer code. In addition, as a mathematical model
can be expressed in computer code in multiple ways, the choice of code ultimately
used may not result in the best representation of the model.
Failure of Technology The computer programs are reliant on proprietary and third
party technology. Such technology could be adversely affected by many issues,
some of which will be outside of our control, including issues associated with
network infrastructure, software updates, bugs, viruses and unauthorised access.
Incorporation of Data We could incorporate inaccurate data, or make errors in
incorporating data, into the systems.
Process Exceptions may be extremely difficult to detect, may go undetected for long
periods or may never be detected. The impact of such Process Exceptions may be
compounded over time and may result in, among other things, the execution of
unanticipated trades, the failure to execute anticipated trades, the failure to properly
allocate trades, the failure to properly gather and organise available data and/or the failure
to take certain hedging or risk mitigating actions.
We could conclude that any Process Exception that we detect is not material and we could
choose not to address them. Such judgements could prove not to be correct.
Errors in Trade Execution and Settlement Certain of the investment techniques that we use
require the efficient execution of transactions or the ability to accumulate or liquidate large
positions. Inefficient execution can eliminate the market opportunities that such
techniques seek to capture. Losses can occur from a “trade error” which is defined as an
error in executing specific trading instructions, for example: (i) purchases or sales of an
incorrect financial instrument or number of financial instruments; or (ii) purchase or sale
transpositions (where an intended purchase is entered as a sale or vice versa); or (iii)
purchases or sales of financial instruments for an incorrect account. Any losses or gains
arising from trade errors shall be for the account of a Client except for any losses that
result directly from our gross negligence, wilful default or fraud, or other liability standard
applicable to us under the Governing Documents or applicable law. We do not intend to
disclose trade errors to Clients, except where required to do so.
Use of Electronic Trading Instructions Information technology systems used to send
electronic trading instructions to brokers can increase the likelihood of erroneous orders
being made, regulatory requirements not being complied with and/or credit and capital
limits being breached due to computer malfunctions, the speed of execution of
transactions, human error or a deficiency in algorithm design or implementation. Trading
through an electronic trading or order routing system is also subject to risks associated
with system or component failure (whether such failure affects the hardware or software
of the exchange or person offering the relevant system or us). In the event of system or
component failure, it is possible that, for a certain time period, it might not be possible to
enter new orders, execute existing orders, or modify or cancel orders that were previously
entered. System or component failure can also result in loss of orders or order priority.
Trading venues offering an electronic trading or order routing system typically adopt rules
to limit their liability, the liability of member brokers and software and communication
system vendors, and the amount that can be collected for system failures and delays, which
rules vary among the venues and might not adequately compensate Clients for the full
extent of any loss. We will not be liable for losses not compensated by a trading venue
except as otherwise disclosed.
Human Error We continually monitor the behavior of the investment systems, portfolio
composition and market conditions and can make decisions based on factors other than
the output of the investment systems. These decisions are subject to human error.
Effects of Substantial Redemptions Substantial redemptions from the Funds and/or
Managed Accounts (some of which have more favourable redemption terms) within a
short period of time could require us to liquidate a Client’s positions more rapidly than
would otherwise be desirable or on unfavourable terms and could lead to a significant
increase in portfolio turnover with associated transaction costs. This risk could be
compounded by a number of other factors, for example, significant positions could be
liquidated by Clients and other market participants at or around the same time or the
positions might have to be liquidated during adverse market conditions. Such factors are
likely to lead to greater losses than would be the case under normal market conditions.
The resulting reduction in a Client’s assets could make it more difficult to generate a
positive rate of return or to recoup losses due to a reduced equity base.
Temporary Defensive Measures We may, from time to time, take temporary defensive
measures which are inconsistent with our principal investment strategies in attempting to
respond to, or in anticipation of, market, economic, political or other conditions. For
example, during such period, all or a significant portion of a Client’s assets may be invested
in short-term, high-quality fixed income securities, cash or cash equivalents, or the risk
parameters of the relevant strategy may be altered. Temporary defensive measures may
be initiated by us when we judge that existing market, economic, political or other
conditions may make pursuing our investment strategies inconsistent with the best
interests of the Clients and could reduce the potential for returns and result in costs which
exceed returns. We may temporarily use these alternative strategies or parameters that
are mainly designed to limit the Clients’ losses, protect the Clients’ gains or create liquidity
in anticipation of redemptions. When such temporary defensive measures are taken, it may
be more difficult for a Client to achieve its investment objective.
Limitations of Statistical Inference The investment system is based on research into
historical data and the application of that research to the development of mathematical
models that attempt to forecast returns, risk, correlation and transaction costs. This
process could be incomplete and/or flawed and any derived forecast could be inaccurate,
particularly if the research or models are based on, or incorporate, inaccurate or
incomplete assumptions or data. Assumptions or data could be inaccurate from the outset
or could become inaccurate as a result of many factors such as changes in market
structure, increased government intervention in markets or growth in assets managed in
accordance with similar investment strategies.
Correlation Certain investment strategies can be highly correlated to certain markets.
Accordingly, a price fall in a particular sector, such as equities or fixed income, could result
in a significant decline in the value of a Client’s portfolio.
Crowding/Convergence There is significant competition among quantitative investment
managers and to the extent that we are not able to develop sufficiently differentiated
investment strategies, the investment objective of the Client might not be met. The growth
in assets managed in accordance with similar investment strategies can result in a Client
and other market participants buying and selling the same or similar investments
simultaneously, which could reduce liquidity and exacerbate market moves.
Involuntary Disclosure Risk Public disclosure obligations (or disclosure obligations to
exchanges or regulators with insufficient privacy safeguards) that require position level
disclosure could provide opportunities for competitors to reverse-engineer the investment
strategies, which could impair the relative or absolute performance of the Client’s portfolio.
Limited Client Oversight As the investment strategies are proprietary, Clients will not have
the objective means by which to evaluate their operation. Further, investors in Funds do
not have the ability to review the Fund’s investment positions.
Risks associated with us:
Risk of Loss of Senior Personnel The performance of the investment strategies is
substantially dependent on the services of our senior professionals who are responsible
for developing, monitoring and maintaining them and in the event of the death, incapacity
or departure of such professionals, the performance of the strategies may be adversely
affected and Clients may suffer losses.
Misconduct of Employees and of Third-Party Service Providers Misconduct or errors by
employees or third-party service providers could cause significant losses to Clients. For
example, employees and third-party service providers may improperly use or disclose
confidential information which could result in litigation or serious financial harm. Although
we have adopted measures to select reliable third-party providers and to prevent and
detect employee misconduct, such measures may not be effective in all cases.
Profit Sharing A Performance Fee may be paid on unrealised gains which could
subsequently never be realised. The Performance Fee could create an incentive for us to
manage a Client’s portfolio in a manner that is riskier than would be the case in the
absence of a fee based on the performance of the Client’s portfolio.
Cyber-Attacks We, our Clients and service providers are susceptible to operational and
information security risks resulting from cyber-attacks including the theft or corruption of
data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized
monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information,
unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that are
used to service operations, and operational disruption or failures in physical infrastructure
or operating systems. Cyber-attacks may adversely impact Clients potentially resulting in,
among other things, financial losses or the inability to transact business if, for example,
there is interference with the processing of investor transactions, confidential business or
investor information is released, trading is impeded, and/or regulatory fines are imposed
on, or reputational damage is caused. Additional costs may also be incurred in mitigating
the risks of, or trying to prevent, cyber-attacks.
Regulatory risk:
Market Crisis and Governmental Intervention The global financial markets have undergone
fundamental disruptions which have led to extensive governmental intervention (such as
bans on “short selling” equities). Such intervention was in certain cases implemented on
an “emergency” basis without much or any notice with the consequence that some market
participants’ ability to continue to implement certain strategies or manage the risk of their
outstanding positions has been suddenly and/or substantially eliminated. In addition,
these interventions were sometimes unclear in scope and application, resulting in
confusion and uncertainty which in itself has been materially detrimental to the efficient
functioning of such markets as well as previously successful investment strategies.
It is impossible to predict with certainty what additional interim or permanent
governmental restrictions may be imposed on the markets and/or the effect of such
restrictions on our ability to fulfil the investment objective of each Client or implement our
investment strategies. However, we believe that there may be further regulation of the
global financial markets that could have a material impact on the performance of the
Clients’ portfolios, such as increased compliance obligations or trading costs, or limitations
on a Client’s capacity to trade in certain derivatives.
Termination of the United Kingdom’s Membership of the European Union The United
Kingdom ceased to be a member of the EU on 31 January 2020. The expiry of the
applicable transition period is expected to result in legal and regulatory changes, some of
which may be adverse to us or to Clients. It is difficult to predict how the United Kingdom’s
exit from the EU will impact trading practices or regulatory reporting requirements.
Item 9 – Disciplinary Information
Not applicable.
Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations
Our sole business is providing investment advisory services.
We are authorized and regulated by the UK Financial Conduct Authority. We are also
registered with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator and commodity trading advisor.
We are also a member of the US National Futures Association (“NFA”). Certain
management persons are registered with the NFA as associated persons and/or principals.
We are not registered, nor do we have an application pending to register, as a broker-
dealer. A number of our personnel are registered representatives of Foreside Fund
Services, LLC (“Foreside”), a third-party broker-dealer registered with the SEC and a
member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Association, Inc. We have entered into an
agreement with Foreside pursuant to which such registered representatives shall be
permitted to offer and sell certain Funds in the United States.
We are affiliated with Winton Fund Management Ireland DAC (“WFMI”), a management
entity which is authorized and regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. We provide
investment management services to and receive compensation from WFMI. We are also
affiliated with Winton Capital US LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. It is also
registered with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator and commodity trading adviser
and is a member of the NFA.
Our policies and procedures are designed to address conflicts of interest that arise, or
could arise, from these relationships.
We maintain a conflicts of interest policy and a log of identified material conflicts and the
means to address or resolve them, which is reviewed on a periodic basis.
Item 11 – Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal
Trading
We have a written Code of Ethics and accompanying policies (the “Code”) which all of our
employees must read and observe. Compliance with the Code is a material term of our
employees’ employment contracts and any employee who fails to observe the Code may
be subject to disciplinary action. Our Compliance Department monitors and reviews
compliance with the Code. The Code is available to Clients and prospective clients on
request.
The Code includes policies and procedures designed to, among other things:
(i) ensure that we act in accordance with our fiduciary duties to our Clients;
(ii) ensure that we and our employees comply with applicable laws, regulations
and rules, including, for example, in relation to material information that has
not been publicly disseminated;
(iii) prevent and manage market abuse including improper personal trading by our
employees;
(iv) identify and disclose actual or potential conflicts of interest; and
(v) ensure that any identified conflicts are resolved in favor of our Clients.
Our employees can invest, subject to applicable eligibility criteria, in the same securities
and other instruments that we invest in for our Clients. Any such investments are subject
to personal trading restrictions that are set out in the Code. These include: (i) a pre-
clearance requirement for certain instruments; (ii) a minimum holding period requirement;
(iii) a holdings and transaction disclosure requirement; and (iv) a ban with respect to
investing in certain instruments.
We, our related persons and certain Funds hold investments in one or more Funds and
may have financial exposure to such Funds. Such investments create an incentive for us
and our related persons to take investment actions based on our investment interests
which might diverge, in some cases, from the interests of other investors or to favor or
disfavor certain Funds over other Funds or Managed Accounts based on pecuniary
interests. Conflicts that arise from these circumstances are mitigated by several factors,
including: (i) the requirement that any material changes to the strategies must be tested
and reviewed and approved by our Investment Board; (ii) the fact that our strategies are
designed to achieve long-term capital appreciation as opposed to short-term profits; and
(iii) the fact that most of our investments are made in accordance with the signals
generated by the relevant systems.
Item 6 above describes our procedures for allocating trades among our Clients including
procedures for order aggregation.
We use a number of execution management systems for the execution of Client
transactions. The majority of orders is routed electronically, either through a broker-dealer
or directly to the appropriate trading venue (e.g. to an exchange or via a broker’s platform).
A minority of orders is allocated to our trading team for manual execution. How an order
is routed depends on a number of factors, including market characteristics, level of
electronic access and order size.
We have discretion to select a counterparty or broker for the execution of Client
transactions consistent with our duty to seek best execution. We select counterparties or
brokers based on a number of factors, which generally include: (i) competitiveness of
commission rates or spreads; (ii) an analysis of the broker’s execution algorithms; (iii)
quality of service; (iv) breadth of market access; (v) willingness to commit capital; (vi)
creditworthiness; (vii) reputation; and (viii) financial stability.
We do not have formal “soft dollar” arrangements. We use third-party investment research
in our investment process for certain Funds. This research is paid for independently of
broker commission. We may receive unsolicited research from counterparties or brokers
but we do not use this in our investment process. We negotiate commission rates based
on the level of service required, the type of order flow involved and the prevailing market
conditions. As a result, Clients could pay in excess of the lowest commission rates available
for execution services.
Certain counterparties or brokers that we use to execute Client transactions are also our
clients and/or refer clients to us, which creates potential conflicts of interest in that we may
prefer these counterparties or brokers based on our interest in receiving referrals. These
conflicts are addressed by the fact that we adhere to a policy that prohibits us from
considering any factor other than our duty to seek best execution for our Clients when we
execute Client transactions.
We do not permit Clients to direct brokerage in the execution of trades.
Where feasible, we generally aggregate purchase and sale instructions for execution across
accounts participating in the same investment order. Item 6 above describes our
procedures for allocating trades among our Clients including procedures for order
aggregation.
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