GSO CAPITAL PARTNERS LP
- Advisory Business
- Fees and Compensation
- Performance-Based Fees
- Types of Clients
- Methods of Analysis
- Disciplinary Information
- Other Activities
- Code of Ethics
- Brokerage Practices
- Review of Accounts
- Client Referrals
- Custody
- Investment Discretion
- Voting Client Securities
- Financial Information
GSO serves as investment manager for (i) pooled investment vehicles operating as private investment funds, including collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) vehicles, open-ended funds, closed-ended funds, and funds in which affiliates or employees of GSO invest alongside such other private investment funds and (ii) registered investment companies (collectively, the “Funds”). In addition, GSO provides sub-advisory services to other investment advisers (the “Adviser Clients”) who in turn advise their clients. Also, GSO provides investment advisory services to individually-managed accounts (the “Managed Accounts”). Capital Partners generally serves as investment manager for various private Funds and Adviser Clients. The Funds, Adviser Clients, and the third party investors in or owners of such Managed Accounts shall be referred to herein as the “Clients.” Affiliates of the Registrant serve as general partner (each, a “General Partner”) of certain of the Funds. GSO also provides investment management services to other clients, other investment funds, client accounts, and proprietary accounts in which certain Clients will not have an interest (such other clients, funds and accounts, collectively the “Other GSO Clients” (as further defined below)). In addition, Blackstone provides investment management services to other clients, other investment funds, client accounts, and proprietary accounts in which certain Clients will not have an interest (such other clients, funds and accounts, other than the Other GSO Clients, collectively the “Blackstone Clients” (as further defined below), and together with the Other GSO Clients, the “Other Clients”).
GSO was founded in July 2005. On March 3, 2008, Blackstone acquired a controlling stake in GSO. The ultimate parent of the Registrant is The Blackstone Group Inc., which is a publicly held corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange that trades under the ticker symbol “BX.” Effective as of July 1, 2019, The Blackstone Group Inc. converted from a Delaware limited partnership named The Blackstone Group L.P. to a Delaware corporation. Please see the structure chart below. Blackstone is a leading global alternative investment manager with investment vehicles focused on real estate, private equity, hedge fund solutions, credit, infrastructure, secondary funds of funds and other multi-asset class strategies. Please see Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations for more information.
GSO Capital Partners GP L.L.C.GSO Holdings I L.L.C.GSO Holdings III L.L.C.GSO Advisor Holdings L.L.C.
StoneCo IV Corporation
The Blackstone Group Inc.
Ultimate Parent
SMM
SLPLPGPLP
GSO Capital Partners LP
KEY GP General Partner LP Limited Partner M Member SM Sole Member SLP Special Limited Partner Filing Adviser
GSO and/or the Registrant provide investment advice to Clients primarily in respect of investments in first lien loans, second lien loans, high yield bonds, distressed securities, mezzanine securities, public and private equity, and derivatives in respect of the foregoing. GSO and/or the Registrant provide advice with respect to direct lending loan origination and with respect to trading of syndicated and actively traded loans or securities.
In certain situations, the Registrant is able to tailor its advisory services and investments based on specific Client objectives and/or investment strategies as discussed with the applicable Client. The Registrant is available to discuss such customized investment strategies or individually-managed accounts with existing and potential clients upon request.
Capital Partners’ regulatory assets under management were approximately $53.25 billion as of December 31, 2018, approximately $50.01 billion of which are managed on a discretionary basis and approximately $3.24 billion of which are managed on a non- discretionary basis.1 1 The assets reported above include assets with respect to which an investment adviser that is a “related person” (as defined in Form ADV) of Capital Partners has delegated investment advisory authority to Capital Partners. Such sub-advisory assets are excluded from the regulatory assets under management reported in the ADV Part 2A of the affiliated adviser that delegated the authority. Additionally, the assets reported above include: (1) assets attributable to the amount that clients of Capital Partners have invested in clients advised by an investment adviser that is a related person of Capital Partners; and (2) assets attributable to the amount that clients advised by an investment adviser that is a related person of Capital Partners have invested in clients of Capital Partners. As a result, those assets are included in the regulatory assets under management of both Capital Partners and such other affiliated advisers. Finally, the assets reported above exclude assets attributable to an investment by one client in another client that would represent a duplication of assets already included in calculating regulatory assets under management (so that such assets are counted only once). please register to get more info
Management Fees
For its investment advisory services provided to Funds, the Registrant or an affiliated entity may receive a management fee at an annual rate of up to 2% of either the net assets or invested capital, which may include capital borrowed from leverage providers, pursuant to the Offering and/or Governing Documents (as defined below), which are provided to prospective investors. Fees for the Adviser Clients are disclosed in the relevant investment management service agreement, to which the relevant Adviser Client is a party, and in the relevant offering documents. Fees for the Managed Accounts are disclosed in the relevant investment management agreement, to which the relevant account owner is a party. Such offering and/or governing documents, including the investment management agreement in the case of an Adviser Client or a Managed Account, when applicable, will be referred to herein as the “Offering and/or Governing Documents.” Notwithstanding this Item 5 and Item 6 below, a Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents may provide for a fee structure pursuant to which the Registrant is compensated on the basis of entirely different criteria, metrics, or circumstances than those described herein, for example by receiving some or all of the fee income associated with a transaction in which a Client participates.
While the Registrant’s policy is that its fees are not negotiable, the Registrant reserves the right to waive or reduce its fees for certain investors. For example, certain affiliates of Blackstone, current or former senior advisors and employees of Blackstone, executive officers of Blackstone portfolio companies, investment funds advised by Blackstone Multi- Asset Advisors L.L.C. (“BMAA”) (including, among other investment funds, side-by-side vehicles sponsored by Blackstone), and/or charitable programs, endowment funds and related entities established by or associated with any of the foregoing (collectively, “GSO Investors”) that are investors in the Funds do not pay management fees. Further, the existence of differing management fees for Clients of the Registrant or its affiliates investing side-by-side may create a conflict of interest for the Registrant and its affiliates with respect to the allocation of investment opportunities. GSO’s investment allocation policy (see Item 16 – Investment Discretion) addresses this potential conflict of interest. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such GSO Investors will either directly pay for their pro rata share of certain Fund expenses (as described below), or the pro rata share of such expenses will be allocated to the relevant General Partner or its affiliates. Such pro rata allocations of Fund expenses are calculated based on capital commitments, invested capital, available capital or other metrics, as determined by such General Partner in good faith pursuant to the terms of the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents. Any such methodology (including the choice thereof) involves inherent conflicts and may not result in perfect attribution and allocation of expenses. In addition, the investments in or alongside a Fund by GSO Investors may account (in whole or in part) for the General Partner’s required commitment to the Fund.
Management Fee Offset
Generally, the management fee payable by a Client to the Registrant will be reduced by all or a portion (as disclosed in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of the relevant Client) of any placement, origination or other transaction fees (including commitment, closing, amendment, waiver, directors’, topping, organizational, break-up, monitoring, exit or other disposition fees, or other similar fees in respect of a Client’s purchase, monitoring or disposition of an investment) received by the Registrant for transactions effected for such Client’s account.
Subject to the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents, each Client will generally be responsible for such Client’s organizational expenses, including, without limitation, legal, accounting, filing, capital raising, and other organizational expenses, as well as organizational expenses of any related investment vehicles and any parallel funds. However, in the case where a Client engages a placement agent (which may be either affiliated with the Registrant or an unaffiliated third party) to market and sell interests or shares in such Client to prospective investors, to the extent placement agent fees are paid by such Client, the management fees payable by such Client are expected to be reduced dollar-for-dollar by the amount of such placement agent fees paid, as set forth in such Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents.
Exceptions to Management Fee Offset
The Registrant and its personnel can be expected to receive certain intangible and/or other benefits, rebates and/or discounts and/or perquisites arising or resulting from their activities on behalf of the Clients, which generally will not be subject to management fee offset or otherwise shared with the Clients, investors and/or portfolio companies. For example, airline travel or hotel stays incurred as Client expenses may result in “miles” or “points” or credit in loyalty/status programs, and such benefits and/or amounts will, whether or not de minimis or difficult to value, inure exclusively to the Registrant and/or such personnel (and not the Clients and/or portfolio companies) even though the cost of the underlying service is borne by the Clients and/or portfolio companies. The Registrant, its personnel, and other related persons in certain instances also receive discounts on products and services provided by portfolio companies and/or customers or suppliers of such portfolio companies. Such other benefits or fees may give rise to conflicts of interest in connection with the Clients’ investment activities, and while the General Partner and the Registrant will seek to resolve any such conflicts in a fair and equitable manner, there is no assurance that any such conflicts will be resolved in favor of the Clients. See also “Service Providers and Counterparties” and “Issuer Relationships” in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations. Certain personnel of Blackstone and/or its affiliates may be seconded to one or more portfolio companies and provide finance-related and other services to such portfolio companies. The salaries, benefits, overhead and other similar expenses for such personnel during the secondment will be borne (in whole or in part) by such portfolio companies. To the extent Blackstone and/or its affiliates receive any fees or expense reimbursement from such portfolio companies with respect to such personnel, they will not result in any offset to the management fee payable by the relevant Clients. GSO, on behalf of certain Funds and/or their portfolio companies, enters into agreements regarding group procurement (such as Core Trust, an independent group purchasing organization used by large corporations and private equity firms), benefits management, purchase of title and/or other insurance policies (which may include brokerage or placement thereof, and will from time to time be pooled across portfolio companies and discounted due to scale) from a third party or an affiliate of GSO and/or Blackstone, and other similar operational, administrative or management related initiatives. Blackstone will allocate the cost of these various services and products purchased on a group basis among the relevant Clients, Other Clients and their portfolio companies. Some of these arrangements result in commissions, discounts, rebates or similar payments to GSO and/or Blackstone or their affiliates (including personnel), including related to a portion of the savings achieved by the portfolio company. Such commissions or payment will not be subject to management fee offset provisions. Blackstone and/or GSO may also receive consulting or other fees from the parties to these group procurement arrangements. To the extent that a portfolio company of an Other Client is providing such a service, such portfolio company and such Other Client will benefit. Further, the benefits received by the particular portfolio company providing the service may be greater than those received by certain Clients and their portfolio companies receiving the service. Conflicts exist in the allocation of the costs and benefits of these arrangements, and GSO handles them in its sole discretion. GSO and its affiliates receive referral fees in connection with the services provided to the Funds and/or their portfolio companies by Core Trust. These referral fees do not offset management fees payable by investors. See “Service Providers and Counterparties” in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations below.
GSO or its portfolio companies will also engage and retain certain Blackstone affiliates (including, for example, Equity Healthcare (defined in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations)) that will receive fees from the Funds and/or their portfolio companies for providing administrative, management or other services. See “Service Providers and Counterparties” in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations below. These fees will be borne by the Funds and will not result in any offset to the management fee.
The Registrant engages and retains on behalf of the Funds and/or their portfolio companies, strategic advisors, senior advisors, consultants and other similar professionals who are not employees or affiliates of Blackstone and who may, from time to time, receive payments from, or performance-based compensation with respect to, portfolio companies (as well as from Blackstone or the Funds), and such amounts will not offset the management fees payable by the investors. In addition, the Registrant will from time to time receive fees associated with capital invested by co-investors relating to investments in which the Funds participate. These fees do not offset management fees payable by Fund investors.
Timing of Fee Payments
Management fees generally are payable monthly or quarterly in arrears, subject to the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents. The Registrant may elect to defer payment of all or part of the management fee. Management fees are generally deducted from the applicable Fund assets and may be deducted from the Client assets, subject to the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents. Alternatively, certain Clients will be invoiced for such management fees.
Additional Fees and Expenses
The Offering and/or Governing Documents of each Client provide a description of any additional fees and expenses for which such Client may be responsible in addition to the management fees and any performance-based allocations or fees (see Item 6 – Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management below).
In addition, each Client will be responsible for all expenses related to its operation, including all costs and expenses of maintaining the operations of the Client and its investments paid by or on behalf of the Client, including, without limitation:
(i) expenses relating to ongoing compliance-related matters (such as developing and implementing specific policies and procedures in order to comply with certain regulatory requirements) and regulatory filings (including, without limitation, expenses relating to the preparation and filing of Form PF, filings required under the Advisers Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act (“Dodd-Frank”) or the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, Treasury International Capital form filing (including, without limitation, Form SLT), filings under “blue sky” laws, reporting under the Common Reporting Standard, Internal Revenue Service filing under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, as well as Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts filing requirements applicable to such Client, reports to be filed with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), reports, disclosures, filings, and notifications prepared in accordance with the Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on Alternative Investment Fund Managers (“AIFMD”) and/or the European Securities and Markets Authority, filings required by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (including, without limitation, Form BE-13 filings) and any other regulatory filings of such Client or the Registrant relating to such Client’s activities), in each case, attributable to such Client or such Client’s operations (including, without limitation, the marketing of interests in such Client); (ii) legal (including compensation costs specifically allocated or attributed by the Registrant or its affiliates with respect to in-house attorneys to provide advice and/or services on matters related to potential or actual investments and with respect to CLOs, matters related to (i) the organization and maintenance of issuers, co-issuers and any issuer subsidiaries, (ii) the issuances of CLO notes and documentation relating thereto and (iii) potential or actual investments in CLO collateral obligations and potential or actual investments in the CLO notes), filing, regulatory, compliance, auditing, consulting, engineering, accounting and other professional fees and expenses, including, without limitation, fees and expenses of tax advisors, valuation experts, senior advisors, industry experts, operating partners / deal sourcers (including personnel dedicated to GSO or Blackstone and working exclusively at GSO or Blackstone on Clients), payment agents, depositaries, consultants and other similar professionals (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the costs and charges allocable with respect to the provision of internal legal, tax, accounting, technology or other services and professionals related thereto (including secondees and temporary personnel or consultants that may be engaged on short- or long-term arrangements) as deemed appropriate by the relevant General Partner where such internal personnel perform services that would be paid by the applicable Fund if outside service providers provided the same services); (iii) costs, expenses, charges, related costs and/or in-house fees charged, or specifically attributed or allocated by the Registrant or its affiliates to provide administrative and/or accounting services relating to Clients (including overhead related thereto, as applicable), whether provided by a third party or by the Registrant or an affiliate of the Registrant, as may be disclosed in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of each such Client; (iv) research or diligence related expenses, including, without limitation, news and quotation equipment and services and including costs allocated by Blackstone’s internal research group (which are generally based on time spent, assets under management, usage rates, proportionate holdings or a combination thereof), information service subscriptions and research or diligence related travel (which may include expenses for first class or business class travel), meal and lodging; (v) marketing, advertising, internal and third party printing and publishing services, wholesaling and other capital raising expenses associated with investor admission/subscription and investor-related services and other similar costs; (vi) costs of portfolio management and accounting systems; (vii) expenses associated with information, technology, communication and reporting (which may include internally allocated charges); (viii) expenses of loan or asset servicers and other service providers (for example, in connection with the management or administration of a pool of assets that may be held directly or indirectly by the Clients); (ix) expenses incurred in connection with due diligence visits by the General Partner or its affiliates to third party service providers (including fund administrators) or by the General Partner or its affiliates or any limited partner to any portfolio companies, as well as visits by the General Partner to any limited partner; (x) expenses associated with the preparation of financial statements, tax returns and Schedules K-1 and the tax matters partner (or partnership representative) representation of such Client or its investors; (xi) the costs of insurance in respect of any litigation, director and officer liability or otherwise; (xii) interest and other fees and expenses (including related legal expenses) incurred in respect of borrowings and indebtedness (including, without limitation, any credit facility, guarantee, letter of credit or other credit support) made by such Client, if any, and the costs and expenses of any lenders and other financing sources; (xiii) investment-related expenses associated with the acquisition, carrying or management of such Client’s investment portfolio, including, without limitation, discovering, investigating, analyzing, sourcing, developing, negotiating, structuring, trading, settling (including any delayed compensation expenses), acquiring, holding, monitoring or otherwise facilitating investment activities, hedging and disposing of such Client’s investments, or potentially unconsummated investments (“Broken Deal Expenses”), or in connection with the development of any portfolio company’s assets (including without limitation, any travel, entertainment, lodging and meal expenses, financing, legal, filing, auditing, tax, accounting, compliance, loan administration, advisory, consulting, engineering and other professional fees, costs and expenses in connection therewith); (xiv) brokerage commissions, hedging costs, custody fees, clearing and settling charges, private placement fees, syndication fees, solicitation fees, arranger fees, sales commissions, pricing and valuation fees (including, without limitation, appraisal fees), ratings service fees, research fees, commissions and underwriting costs, transaction fees, breakup fees, investment banking fees, custodial, prime brokerage, trustee, transfer agent, recordkeeping and other administrative fees and expenses, origination fees, commitment fees, collateral management fees, facility fees, float fees or similar fees, interest expenses and other investment costs, fees and expenses actually incurred in connection with making, evaluating, holding, settling, monitoring or disposing of such Client’s investments (including, without limitation, any costs or expenses relating to currency conversion); (xv) any indemnification or extraordinary expenses or other liabilities relating to the affairs of such Client (including, without limitation, advances of fees and expenses to covered persons that may be subject to a right of indemnification under such Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents); (xvi) the costs and expenses of any litigation or governmental inquiry, examination or investigation involving such Client, any investment of such Client or any entity in which such Client holds an investment and the amount of any judgments or settlements paid in connection therewith (including, without limitation, in connection with formal and informal inquiries, sweep examinations and any type of similar regulatory and/or governmental requests); (xvii) expenses related to a default or a transfer of interest by an investor of such Client (to the extent not paid by such investor); (xviii) expenses of winding-up such Client and liquidating its assets; (xix) any taxes, fees or other governmental charges (including any penalties incurred where GSO lacks sufficient information from third parties to file a timely and complete tax return) levied against such Client and all expenses incurred in connection with any tax audit, investigation, settlement or any other review of such Client; (xx) expenses of any meetings of such Client (including, without limitation, any investor meetings, third party advisory committee or other advisory committee or board of directors meetings, including director fees and the fees, expenses and costs of any legal counsel or other advisors retained by, or at the direction or for the benefit of, such committee or board, as applicable, and meetings with potential investors, and conferences); (xxi) costs and expenses related to the organization or maintenance of any entity used directly or indirectly to acquire, hold or dispose of any investment or otherwise facilitating the Client’s investment activities (including, without limitation, travel and related expenses related to such entity and the salary and benefits of any personnel (including personnel of the Registrant or its affiliates) reasonably necessary and/or advisable for the maintenance and operation of such entity), including overhead expenses (including, for example, the salary and compensation of personnel of any Luxembourg entities formed or utilized in connection with a Client’s activities and the costs associated with the leasing of office space in Luxembourg, which amounts may be paid to one or more affiliates of the Registrant as lessor as further described under “Blackstone Europe” in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations), as well as the expenses of the compliance of such entities with AIFMD, including any separate notices, reports and/or filings required under AIFMD, which may be significant; (xxii) similar expenses in connection with such Client’s feeder funds and special purpose entities; and (xxiii) travel and entertainment expenses in connection with the Clients’ investment activities (including first class and/or business class airfare (and/or private charter, where appropriate), first class lodging, ground transportation, travel and premium meals (including closing dinners and mementos), cars and meals (outside normal business hours), social and entertainment events with portfolio company management, customers, clients, borrowers, brokers and service providers, and attendance at conferences in connection with the evaluation of investments). Most staff out-of-pocket travel expenses in connection with the Clients’ transactions are treated as Client expenses, subject to the terms of the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents. The foregoing categories of fees and expenses will be borne by such Client regardless of whether the person or entity providing or performing the service or product giving rise to such fees and expenses is the Registrant, any of its affiliates or an unaffiliated third party. See also “Blackstone Europe” in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations. For certain Clients, the Registrant also is permitted to charge back a portion of the cost of overhead expenses attributable to the management of or operations related to such Clients, subject to any limitations set forth in such Clients’ Offering and/or Governing Documents. For example, with respect to a Client that is administered by the Registrant or an affiliated entity, such Client may be responsible for fees and expenses charged or specifically allocated by the Registrant or such affiliated entity to provide administrative services to such Client. Any such fees and expenses will not be greater than what would be paid to an unaffiliated third party for substantially similar services as determined by the Registrant and may be subject to other limits set forth in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of the relevant Client.
Investors in a Fund are typically allocated (or otherwise bear) their respective pro rata shares of such fees and expenses, which may be calculated based on capital commitments, invested capital, available capital or other metrics as determined by the relevant General Partner in its sole discretion. From time to time, the General Partner will be required to decide whether costs and expenses are to be borne by such Fund, on the one hand, or the General Partner and the Registrant, on the other, and/or whether certain costs and expenses should be allocated between or among such Fund, on the one hand, and the Other Clients on the other. Certain expenses may be suitable for only a particular Fund or particular funds participating in specific investments and may be allocated to and borne by such funds. To the extent that any fees and expenses related to a specific investment were incurred on behalf of more than one Client, each Client will generally bear its pro rata portion of any such fees and expenses based on such Client’s percentage interest in such investment (subject to each Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents), or in such other manner as GSO considers fair and equitable. The General Partner will make such judgments in its fair and reasonable discretion, notwithstanding its interest in the outcome, and may make corrective allocations should it determine that such corrections are necessary or advisable. A different manner of allocation would likely result in a Fund bearing less (or more) expenses. Travel and entertainment expenses in connection with a trip taken by employees of the Registrant and/or the relevant General Partner for purposes of multiple matters will generally be allocated to each such matter in a manner determined by the General Partner to be fair and equitable and then the resulting expenses will be allocated to the applicable Fund, Other Clients and/or the Registrant. The Registrant has adopted a policy regarding the manner in which the Registrant allocates Broken Deal Expenses. Pursuant to the Registrant’s broken deal expense allocation policy, Broken Deal Expenses will be allocated in accordance with the written allocation determination for the subject investment, if applicable. Alternatively, where no such allocation determination has been made (such investment, an “Unallocated Investment”), Broken Deal Expenses will be allocated among one or more Clients based on the Registrant’s assessment, in its discretion, of the likely allocation of the applicable investment, including the relative likelihood that the applicable investment could have been allocated to such Clients, even if such Clients could not have co-invested with respect to such investment, taking into account the information available to the Registrant at the time the Registrant determines that such investment will not be consummated, or in such other manner as the Registrant considers fair and equitable. While this assessment is unavoidably speculative in nature, the Registrant will exercise good faith in making such allocations. In general, allocations of Broken Deal Expenses are expected to be made consistently with the foregoing, regardless of whether Client consent was sought or received or whether Clients had been given the opportunity to opt in or out of an investment in those cases where Clients have investment consent or opt out rights, respectively, subject to the relevant Clients’ organizational documents.
Where an Unallocated Investment may have multiple co-investing parties, including GSO Primary Clients (as defined below in Item 12 – Brokerage Practices), GSO Overflow Clients (as defined below in Item 12 – Brokerage Practices), and potential co-investors (limited partners or otherwise), Broken Deal Expenses generally will not be allocated to a prospective participant if there is a possibility that such prospective participant would not have been allocated a portion of the investment to which such expenses relate. As a result, certain GSO Overflow Clients and potential co-investors (limited partners or otherwise) may not bear any portion of Broken Deal Expenses that, had the investment been consummated, may have been attributable to such GSO Overflow Clients’ or potential co- investors’ (limited partners or otherwise) respective pro rata shares of the investment. Consequently, a Client may be expected to bear more Broken Deal Expenses than its pro rata share of such expenses would have been had the investment been made. No Client is required to pay any fees in advance. No employee of the Registrant accepts, or otherwise directly receives, any compensation for the sale of securities or other investment products. please register to get more info
In addition to the management fees and other fees described in Item 5 – Fees and Compensation above, the Registrant or one of the General Partners, in accordance with the relevant Offering and/or Governing Documents of each Client, may receive a performance-based allocation or fee of up to 20% of each Client’s profits, subject in certain but not all cases to a loss carryforward provision or clawback provision, as applicable. Performance-based allocations or fees may be based on either realized or unrealized profits attributable to a Client, and all performance-based allocations for the Funds will be disclosed in the relevant Offering and/or Governing Documents of each Client.
While the policy of the Registrant is that its performance-based allocations or fees are not negotiable, the Registrant reserves the right to waive or reduce such allocations or fees for certain investors. However, in no circumstance will the Registrant cause the allocation or fee to be increased for one investor as the result of the waiving or reduction of such allocations or fees for another investor. For example, certain GSO Investors in the Funds do not bear any performance-based allocation or fee, and that fact does not impact the allocations or fees borne by other investors.
Note that the existence of a performance-based allocation or fee may incentivize the Registrant to manage a Client’s assets in a manner that is more aggressive than it would in the absence of such allocation or fee. Further, the existence of differing performance-based allocations or fees for Clients of the Registrant or its affiliates trading side-by-side may create a conflict of interest for the Registrant and its affiliates with respect to the allocation of investment opportunities. However, the Registrant manages each Client’s assets in accordance with the investment strategy disclosed in each Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents to help confirm that investors are aware of the investment strategy and the risks associated with such strategy. GSO also has an investment allocation policy (see Item 16 – Investment Discretion) that addresses this conflict of interest. In addition, the significant commitment by the Registrant and its affiliates to invest in the Funds (such amount, the “Firm Commitment”), the relevant General Partner’s clawback provisions, where applicable, and the fact that the preferred return is calculated on an aggregate basis should tend to reduce the incentive to make riskier or more speculative investments or otherwise time the sale of investments in a manner motivated by the personal interests of the Registrant personnel. In connection therewith, the clawback obligation of the General Partner, where applicable, creates an incentive for the General Partner to defer the disposition of one or more investments if such disposition would result in a realized loss, a return on investment that was less than the preferred return and/or the finalization of dissolution and liquidation of a Fund where a clawback obligation would be owed. As described in the respective Offering and/or Governing Documents of each Client, performance-based allocations or fees are generally allocated or paid, as the case may be, either at the end of each fiscal year or upon the making of any distribution to investors to which a performance-based allocation or fee relates. please register to get more info
GSO generally provides its services and markets its Funds and Managed Accounts to a limited number of sophisticated investors, namely institutional investors and high-net worth individual investors capable of understanding the risks of their investments, including the following types of investors:
• Banks and other financial institutions
• Insurance companies
• Investment companies
• Public and private retirement and pension plans
• Public and private profit sharing plans
• Trusts and estates
• Charitable organizations
• State and municipal government agencies
• Sovereign wealth funds
• Hedge funds and funds of funds
• High net worth individuals
• Corporations
• Business entities other than those listed above
GSO (a) must have a reasonable belief that potential investors invited to participate in Funds or other products meet certain eligibility requirements and (b) in each case must satisfy certain compliance procedures (including anti-money laundering procedures), prior to accepting any subscription or investment amount. In addition, any separate maintenance or other investment-related provisions (e.g., minimum account sizes, minimum fee amounts, etc.) will be provided in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of each Fund or Managed Account, which are made available to each potential investor prior to investment. GSO also provides its services to registered investment companies (or Adviser Clients who, in turn, provide services to registered investment companies) that are marketed to retail investors. please register to get more info
The Registrant’s investment process for evaluating potential opportunities and investments may include a variety of proprietary and non-proprietary research models and methods of analyses, and a variety of both internal and external resources, such as financial newspapers and magazines, research, and reports provided by third parties and corporate ratings services. In addition, the Registrant generally conducts an in-depth review of the target companies/investments, tailored to the target and type of potential investment the Registrant is considering. Such reviews may include, without limitation, (i) analyses of corporate activities and financials, (ii) reviews of annual reports, prospectuses and other filings with the SEC, if any, and (iii) where appropriate, interviews and meetings with senior management of potential target companies.
Generally, the Registrant seeks to capitalize on both long- and short-term inefficiencies in the market by investing across a spectrum of products, often employing a bottom-up analysis, utilizing market technical and fundamental analyses to select investments. There may be occasions when (consistent with applicable Client guidelines), the strategy may be weighted to deep value or be more opportunistic and seek short term gains. The types of investments pursued by a particular Fund or Managed Account may be customized based on Client guidelines.
The specific investment strategy and corresponding method of analysis for each Client will be specified in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of such Client. A brief description of certain investment strategies employed by GSO or the Registrant is provided below.
Senior Direct Lending – seeks to source and provide privately originated investments with the goal of delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns with strong downside protection, while generating current income through primarily stable, performing credit investments. The strategy intends to focus on investments that are senior in the capital structure and typically secured, with a majority of the assets expected to be floating rate instruments.
Mezzanine Strategy – seeks to source and provide privately originated investments in the leveraged finance marketplace with an emphasis on providing junior capital to companies in connection with leveraged buyouts, acquisitions, recapitalizations and growth financings. Due to the mezzanine strategy’s focus on providing junior capital, this strategy tends to entail greater risk than the senior direct lending strategy referenced above. Capital Solutions Strategy – seeks to provide privately negotiated capital solutions to companies in need of liquidity or capital structure transformation due to, among other things, pending covenant violations, debt maturities, market dislocation, cyclical downturns in their businesses or other funding requirements. Event Driven Strategy – seeks to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns by investing primarily in a broad array of securities generally within the traded corporate credit market. The Registrant may invest in both public and private non-investment grade and non-rated securities, including leveraged loans, high yield bonds, distressed securities, common and preferred equity securities, and credit derivatives. The Registrant offers exposure to this strategy in a hedged, liquid and less concentrated form, or in an unhedged and more concentrated form, often with less liquidity and greater potential risk. Energy – seeks to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns by originating and investing in transactions in the energy sector and various energy sub-sectors across the capital structure, primarily in secured and unsecured debt and preferred equity. The various energy sub-sectors in which investments will be targeted will include, but not be limited to, exploration and production of oil and natural gas, coal, midstream, energy services, refining and marketing, power generation and other commodity-driven sectors.
Liquid Credit Strategies (“LCS”) – seeks to invest in diversified (often leveraged) portfolios of fixed income investments, primarily consisting of first lien senior secured loans.
Customized Portfolios – manage customized individual portfolios for select large institutional clients that may invest in any combination of these strategies or others.
Prospective investors are advised to review the applicable Fund offering materials
for a more extensive description of the risks of investing in the Funds.
An investment in a Fund or a Managed Account entails a significant degree of risk and therefore should be undertaken only by investors capable of evaluating the risks associated with an investment in such Client and bearing the risks such investment represents. The Offering and/or Governing Documents of such Client will contain detailed descriptions of certain of the risks associated with an investment in such Client. Below are a few of the key risks associated with such investments (some of which may not apply to a particular investment):
1. Loss of all or part of investment 2. No assurance of investment return 3. No established market for potential investments exists 4. Changes in legal, fiscal and regulatory regimes 5. Lack of liquidity of Client interests 6. Litigation risk 7. Highly competitive market for investment opportunities 8. Technological and commercial innovation disrupting expected methods of conducting business 9. Sharing and use of “big data” and other information 10. Inability to deploy capital in conjunction with finding suitable investments 11. Inability to implement a Client’s investment strategy 12. Portfolio concentration 13. Reliance on the Registrant, certain of its professionals and employees and its operational systems, and reliance on placement agents 14. Policies and procedures of the Registrant to mitigate conflicts of interest and address regulatory and/or contractual requirements, which may reduce the synergies across Blackstone’s and GSO’s various businesses and reduce investment opportunities for Clients 15. Misconduct of employees and of third party service providers 16. General economic and market volatility 17. Nature of debt and credit investments, including credit securities, senior debt, mezzanine debt, distressed investments and restructurings, including non- performing debt instruments, loans and participations 18. Nature of equity or equity-related investments, including publicly-traded investments 19. Nature of private equity investments 20. Risk of under/overvaluation 21. Risks related to use of leverage by certain Clients (including use of subscription lines and asset-backed facilities) 22. Lack of diversification and limited number of investments 23. Non-controlling investments and/or investments with third parties in joint ventures and other entities 24. Non-U.S. investments, including currency fluctuation and exchange controls, economic regulation and political factors, and investments in emerging markets 25. Cybersecurity breaches, identity theft and risks associated with electronic delivery of documents 26. Operational risks of the Funds 27. Nature of hedging or derivative instruments and counterparty trading relationships 28. Unspecified investments 29. Operating and financial risks of portfolio companies 30. Valuation matters (see “Valuation Matters” in Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations for more information) 31. Taxation risks, including tax adjustments, phantom income, limitations on deduction of business interest and tax reporting considerations 32. Risks arising from ERISA including potential control group liability 33. Cross incurrence of indebtedness or guarantees on a several, joint and several or cross collateralized basis (see “Investments in Portfolio Companies Alongside Other Clients” in Item 12 – Brokerage Practices for more information) 34. Cross collateralization of investments (see “Investments in Portfolio Companies Alongside Other Clients” in Item 12 – Brokerage Practices for more information) 35. CFTC registration requirements, compliance with the AIFMD, compliance with pay- to-play laws and with the laws of other jurisdictions where the Clients are marketed 36. Restrictions on transfers of investor interests under the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents and/or the securities laws and lack of a public market 37. Restrictions on redemptions and withdrawals with respect to open-ended Clients 38. Enhanced scrutiny and potential regulation of the private investment fund industry and the financial services industry (including Dodd-Frank)
Prospective investors are advised to review the applicable Fund’s offering
documents for a more extensive description of the applicable investment strategies
and the risks of investing in the Funds.
The debt and equity markets fluctuate substantially over time, and performance of any investment is not guaranteed. Clients and investors should also be aware that investments that the Registrant believes are likely to generate higher returns are generally accompanied by greater risk and volatility. There is a risk of loss of the assets that the Registrant manages that is out of the Registrant’s control. The Registrant cannot guarantee any level of performance or that investors in the Clients will not experience a substantial or complete loss of their account assets. There is no assurance that the Funds or Managed Accounts will be able to generate returns or that the returns will be commensurate with the risks inherent in their investment strategy. Both the ability to realize investments and the value of investments (regardless of whether realized) will depend upon many factors beyond the control of the Clients or the Registrant. The expenses of the Clients may exceed their income, and an investor in a Client could lose the entire amount of its contributed capital. Therefore, an investor should invest in a Fund or Managed Account only if the investor can withstand a total loss of its investment. The past investment performance of a Fund or Managed Account cannot be taken to guarantee future results or performance of a Fund or Managed Account or any investment by or in a Fund or Managed Account. please register to get more info
The Registrant does not have any legal, financial or other “disciplinary” events to report. As a registered investment adviser, the Registrant is obligated to disclose any legal disciplinary event that would be material to a Client when evaluating the Registrant’s advisory business or the integrity of its management. On occasion, in the ordinary course of its business, the Registrant is named as a defendant in legal actions. Although there can be no assurance of the outcome of such legal actions, the Registrant does not believe that any current legal proceeding or claim to which it is a party would individually or in the aggregate materially affect the Registrant and/or its Clients’ results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Certain regulatory, litigation and other similar matters are disclosed in (i) Blackstone’s and GSO’s public filings (including, without limitation, its current, periodic and annual reports on Forms 8-K, 10-Q and 10-K), which may be accessed through the web site of the SEC (www.sec.gov) or Blackstone (http://ir.blackstone.com/investors/annual-reports-and-sec- filings/default.aspx), and (ii) materials made available through Blackstone’s online portal related to the Funds and/or certain of its affiliates. please register to get more info
Various potential and actual conflicts of interest arise from the overall advisory, investment and other activities of the Registrant, its affiliates and personnel (each an “Advisory Affiliate” and, collectively, the “Advisory Affiliates”). The following briefly summarizes some of these conflicts, but is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all such conflicts. GSO and GSO personnel may in the future engage in further activities that may result in additional conflicts of interest not addressed herein. Investors are advised to review the
applicable Client Offering and/or Governing Documents for a more extensive
description of the potential conflicts of interest applicable to each Client. Any references to Blackstone, GSO and the Registrant in this section will be deemed to include their respective affiliates, partners, members, shareholders, officers, directors and employees, where applicable.
If any matter arises that the Registrant determines in its good faith judgment constitutes an actual conflict of interest, the Registrant may take such actions as it determines in good faith may be necessary or appropriate to ameliorate the conflict (and upon taking such actions the Registrant will be relieved of any liability for such conflict to the fullest extent permitted by law and shall be deemed to have satisfied applicable fiduciary duties related thereto to the fullest extent permitted by law). These actions include, by way of example, (i) presenting a conflict of interest to the limited partner advisory committee or the board of a Client as expressly provided for in such Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents; (ii) disposing of the investment giving rise to the conflict of interest; (iii) appointing a fiduciary or an independent client representative to act with respect to the matter giving rise to the conflict of interest; (iv) in connection with a matter giving rise to a conflict of interest with respect to an investment, consulting with the limited partner advisory committee or the board regarding the conflict of interest and either obtaining a waiver or consent from the committee or the board of the conflict of interest or acting in a manner, or pursuant to standards or procedures, approved by the limited partner advisory committee or the board with respect to such conflict of interest; or (v) implementing certain policies and procedures reasonably designed to ameliorate such conflict of interest. There can be no assurance that the Registrant will identify or resolve all conflicts of interest in a manner that is favorable to the Clients. By acquiring an interest in a Client, each investor will be deemed to have acknowledged and consented to the existence or resolution of any such actual, apparent or potential conflicts of interest and to have waived any claim with respect to any liability arising from the existence of any such conflict of interest. Blackstone Policies and Procedures. Certain policies and procedures implemented by Blackstone to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions will from time to time reduce the synergies across Blackstone’s various businesses that the Clients expect the Registrant to draw on for purposes of pursuing attractive investment opportunities. Because Blackstone has many different businesses, which GSO investment teams and portfolio companies may engage to advise on and to execute debt and equity financings (including the Blackstone Capital Markets Group), it is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would otherwise be subject if it had just one line of business. In addressing these conflicts and regulatory, legal and contractual requirements across its various businesses, Blackstone has implemented certain policies and procedures (e.g., information walls) that reduce the positive firm-wide synergies the Clients could otherwise expect the Registrant to utilize for purposes of identifying and managing attractive investments. For example, Blackstone will come into possession of material non-public information with respect to companies, including portfolio companies in which a Client has investments or may be considering making an investment. The information, which could be of benefit to the Clients, is likely to be restricted to those other businesses and otherwise be unavailable to the Clients. It is also possible that the Clients could be restricted from trading despite the fact that the Client did not receive such information. In addition, to the extent that GSO is in possession of material non-public information or is otherwise restricted from trading in certain securities, the Clients and GSO generally also will be deemed to be in possession of such information or otherwise restricted. This could reduce the investment opportunities available to the Clients, prevent the Clients from acquiring and exiting an investment or otherwise limit their investment flexibility. Additionally, Blackstone may restrict or otherwise limit one Client and/or its portfolio companies from entering into agreements with, or related to, companies in which any Blackstone Client has invested or has considered making an investment. Blackstone will from time to time restrict or otherwise limit the ability of a Client and/or its portfolio companies to make investments in or otherwise engage in businesses or activities competitive with companies of Blackstone Clients, either as a result of contractual restrictions or otherwise. Furthermore, there will be circumstances in which affiliates of Blackstone (including Clients) may refrain from taking certain confidential information in order to avoid trading restrictions. Finally, Blackstone has and will enter into one or more strategic relationships in certain regions or with respect to certain types of investments that, although possibly intended to provide greater opportunities for the Clients, may require the Clients to share such opportunities or otherwise limit the amount of an opportunity the Clients can otherwise take. See “Strategic Relationships” below. Performance-Based Allocations. The existence of the Registrant’s or a General Partner’s performance-based allocation or fee may create an incentive for the Registrant to make more speculative investments on behalf of the Clients than it would otherwise make in the absence of such performance-based compensation, or to time the sale of investments in a manner motivated by the personal interests of GSO and/or Blackstone personnel. However, the Firm Commitment, the General Partner’s interim and final clawback obligations, and the fact that the preferred return is calculated on an aggregate basis should tend to reduce these incentives. In connection therewith, the General Partner’s clawback obligation may create an incentive for the General Partner to defer disposition of one or more investments if such disposition would result in a realized loss and/or the finalization of dissolution and liquidation of a Fund where a clawback obligation would be owed. In addition, upon a withdrawal by an investor from a Fund (in limited circumstances) and upon the termination of such Fund, the General Partner may receive distributions of performance- based compensation with respect to a distribution in kind of non-marketable securities. The valuation of such securities for such purposes will be determined by the General Partner as set forth in such Fund’s Offering and/or Governing Documents. In addition, under the terms of a Fund’s Offering and/or Governing Documents, the General Partner typically is entitled to elect to receive its performance-based compensation with respect to an investment that is otherwise being sold in the form of an in-kind distribution of marketable securities, including if the purpose is to permit one or more Blackstone or GSO personnel to donate such securities to charity (which may include private foundations, funds or other charities associated with any such personnel). The tax efficiencies to such Blackstone or GSO personnel associated with this form of charitable giving may have the effect of reinforcing and/or enhancing the Registrant’s incentives otherwise resulting from the existence of its performance-based allocation and therefore conflicts of interest may arise in making decisions on behalf of such Fund (including the timing of the disposition of such Fund’s investments).
In addition, the manner in which the General Partner’s entitlement to performance-based compensation is determined may result in a conflict between the Registrant’s interests and the interests of limited partners with respect to the sequence and timing of disposals of investments. For example, the ultimate beneficial owners of the General Partner are generally subject to U.S. federal and local income tax (unlike certain of the limited partners). The General Partner may be incentivized to operate the Clients, including to hold and/or sell investments, in a manner that takes into account the tax treatment of its performance-based compensation. Investors should note in this regard that recently enacted U.S. tax reform legislation relating to the taxation of carried interest provides for a lower capital gains tax rate in respect of investments held for at least three years. While the General Partner generally intends to seek to maximize pre-tax returns for each Client as a whole, the General Partner may nonetheless be incentivized, for example, to hold investments longer to ensure long-term capital gains treatment and/or to realize investments prior to any change in law that results in a higher effective income tax rate on its performance-based compensation.
In addition, the fact that all or a portion of a Fund’s management fee typically is calculated based on each investor’s share of such Fund’s aggregate invested capital may create an incentive for the General Partner to (i) make more speculative investments than it otherwise would have made if management fees were based on capital commitments (whether or not invested), (ii) seek to deploy the capital commitments in investments at an accelerated pace and/or (iii) hold investments longer than it otherwise would have if management fees were based solely on each investor’s capital commitments. Issuer Relationships. The Clients’ portfolio companies may be counterparties to or participants in agreements, transactions or other arrangements with portfolio companies of Blackstone Clients for the provision of goods and services, purchase and sale of assets and other matters. Although the Registrant may determine that such agreements, transactions or other arrangements are consistent with the requirements of such Clients’ Offering and/or Governing Documents, such agreements, transactions or other arrangements may not have otherwise been entered into but for the affiliation with GSO and/or Blackstone. These agreements, transactions or other arrangements involve fees, commissions, discounts and/or servicing payments to GSO and/or affiliated entities of Blackstone Clients, none of which are subject to the management fee offset, even though some of the services that may be provided are similar in nature to the services provided by the Registrant. For example, Blackstone and/or GSO may cause, or offer the opportunity to, portfolio companies to enter into agreements regarding group procurement (such as the group purchasing organization), benefits management, purchase of title and/or other insurance policies (which may be pooled across portfolio companies and discounted due to scale) and other operational, administrative or management related matters from a third party or an affiliate of Blackstone or GSO, and other similar operational initiatives that may result in commissions or similar payments, including related to a portion of the savings achieved by the portfolio company. Such affiliated service providers are generally expected to receive market rate fees, and under certain circumstances, may also receive performance-based compensation (as determined by the relevant General Partner or the Registrant, as applicable) with respect to certain investments. The costs of such services will be borne by the Clients and will not result in any offset to the management fee.
In connection with such relationships, the Registrant will make determinations of market rates based on its consideration of any of a number of factors, which are generally expected to include the Registrant’s experience with non-affiliated service providers and/or benchmarking data and other methodologies determined by the Registrant to be appropriate under the circumstances (i.e., rates that fall within a range that the Registrant has determined is reflective of rates in the applicable market and certain similar markets, though not necessarily equal to or lower than the median rate of comparable firms). In respect of benchmarking, while the Registrant may obtain benchmarking data regarding the rates charged or quoted by third parties for services similar to those provided by the Registrant’s affiliates in the applicable market or certain similar markets, relevant comparisons may not be available for a number of reasons, including, without limitation, as a result of a lack of a substantial market of providers or users of such services or the confidential or bespoke nature of such services. Therefore, such market comparisons may not result in precise market terms for comparable services. Expenses to obtain benchmarking data will be borne by the relevant portfolio company (and indirectly by the relevant Clients) or directly by the relevant Client and will not offset the management fee.
In addition, from time to time employees of Blackstone serve as directors or advisory board members of certain issuers of the Clients’ investments or other entities. In connection with such services, the Registrant receives directors’ fees or other similar compensation (unless a Client’s Offering and/or Governing Documents otherwise provide). Such amounts may, but are not expected to be, material. Any such fees that result in an offset to the management fee only apply to the extent it is made as part of a Client’s investment in a portfolio company. As a result, in the case of directors’ fees, the management fee will not be reduced or offset to the extent any GSO or Blackstone employees or professionals receive directors’ fees relating to continued director service after a Client has exited the portfolio company and/or following the termination of such employee’s employment with GSO or Blackstone. The Registrant may also receive fees associated with capital invested by co-investors relating to investments in which certain Funds participate. In such circumstances, such amounts will not be deemed paid to or received by GSO in connection with the provision of capital to portfolio companies by the Funds and such amounts will not be subject to the management fee offset provisions. Relatedly, Blackstone and/or Other Clients, including Blackstone Strategic Capital Holdings and its related vehicles/entities and successor funds (“BSCH”), regularly make minority investments in alternative asset management firms that are not affiliated with Blackstone. Typically, such an investment would involve receiving a share of the performance-based compensation and net fee income or revenue share generated by the various products, vehicles, funds and accounts managed by that third party asset management firm that are included in the transaction. In addition, while such minority investments are generally structured so that Blackstone does not “control” such third party asset management firms, Blackstone may nonetheless be afforded certain governance rights in relation to such investments (typically in the nature of “protective” rights or anti-dilution arrangements). While such third party asset managers will not be deemed “affiliates” of Blackstone for any purpose, Blackstone may, under certain circumstances, be in a position to influence the management and operations of such asset managers and the existence of its economic / revenue sharing interest therein may give rise to conflicts of interest. Certain Clients, their affiliates and their respective portfolio entities will from time to time engage in transactions with, and buy and sell investments from, any such third party asset managers and their sponsored funds and portfolio entities. There can be no assurance that the terms thereof will be at arm’s length or that Blackstone and/or GSO will not receive a benefit from such transactions, which may make it more likely that such transactions would be entered into. There can be no assurance that any such conflicts will be resolved in favor of such Clients or their investors.
With respect to transactions or agreements with portfolio companies (including, for the avoidance of doubt, long-term incentive plans), at times if unrelated officers of a portfolio company have not yet been appointed, the Registrant may negotiate and execute agreements between the Registrant and/or the Funds on the one hand, and the portfolio company or its affiliates, on the other hand, which could entail a conflict of interest in relation to efforts to enter into terms that are arm’s length. It is also possible that the Funds or their portfolio companies will be counterparties (such counterparties typically dealt with on an arm’s length basis) or participants in agreements, transactions or other arrangements with an investor or an affiliate of an investor.
In addition, it is possible that certain portfolio companies of Blackstone Clients or companies in which such Blackstone Clients have an interest will compete with the Clients for one or more investment opportunities and/or engage in activities that may have adverse consequences on the Clients and/or their portfolio companies. As an example of the latter, the laws and regulations of certain jurisdictions (e.g., bankruptcy, environmental, consumer protection and/or labor laws) may not recognize the segregation of assets and liabilities as between separate entities and may permit recourse against the assets of not just the entity that has incurred the liabilities, but also the other entities that are under common control with, or part of the same economic group as, such entity. In such circumstances, the assets of the Clients and/or their portfolio companies may be used to satisfy the obligations or liabilities of one or more Blackstone Clients, their portfolio companies and/or affiliates. In addition, a portfolio company of one Client may enter into agreements, transactions or other arrangements with another portfolio company of such Client or one or more portfolio companies of an Other Client (including the sale of assets between such portfolio companies). This may give rise to actual or potential conflicts of interest for the General Partner, the Clients and/or their respective affiliates. Such agreements, transactions or other arrangements may be entered into without the consent or direct involvement of the Client and/or such Other Client or the consent of the limited partner advisory committee and/or the limited partners of the Client or such Other Client (and may arise in particular in circumstances where the Client and/or such Other Client has made a non-controlling investment in the underlying portfolio company). This is because, among other things, portfolio companies of the Client and portfolio companies of Other Clients are not considered affiliates of the General Partner or the Client under the Offering and/or Governing Documents. In any such case, the Client may not be involved in the negotiation process and the terms of any such agreement, transaction or other arrangement may not be as favorable to the Client as otherwise may be the case if the Client were involved.
Certain portfolio companies may have established or invested in, or may in the future establish or invest in, vehicles that are managed exclusively by the portfolio companies (and not the Funds or Blackstone or any of its affiliates) and that invest in asset classes or industry sectors (such as cyber security) that fall within one or more of the Funds’ investment strategies. Such vehicles, which would not be considered affiliates of Blackstone and would not be subject to Blackstone’s policies and procedures, may compete with the Funds for investment opportunities. Portfolio companies and Blackstone affiliates may also establish other investment products, vehicles and platforms focusing on specific asset classes or industry sectors (such as reinsurance) that may compete with Clients for investment opportunities (it being understood that such arrangements may give rise to conflicts of interest that may not necessarily be resolved in favor of the Clients). In addition, Clients will often hold non-controlling interests in certain portfolio companies and, as a result, such portfolio companies could engage in activities outside of the Clients’ control that may have adverse consequences on the Clients and/or their other portfolio companies.
Through its Innovations group, Blackstone incubates businesses that can be expected to provide goods and services to certain Clients and Other Clients and their portfolio companies, as well as other Blackstone related parties and third parties. By contracting for a product or service from a business related to Blackstone, a Client and its portfolio companies would provide not only current income to the business and its stakeholders, but could also create significant enterprise value in them, which would not be shared with the Client or its investors and could benefit Blackstone directly and indirectly. Also, Blackstone, Other Clients and their portfolio companies, and their personnel and related parties may receive compensation or other benefits, such as through additional ownership interests or otherwise, directly related to the consumption of products and services by the Client and its portfolio companies. The Client and its portfolio companies will incur expense in negotiating for any such fees and services, which will be treated as Client expenses. Finally, Blackstone and its personnel and related parties may also receive compensation in connection with referrals and related activities of such businesses incubated by the Blackstone Innovations group. Portfolio Company Service Providers and Vendors. Certain Clients and their portfolio companies may engage portfolio entities of such Clients and Other Clients to provide some or all of the following services: (a) corporate support services (including, without limitation, accounting/audit, account management, corporate secretarial services, data management, directorship services, finance/budget, human resources, information technology, judicial processes, legal, operational coordination (i.e., coordination with joint venture partners, property managers), risk management, tax and treasury); (b) loan management (including, without limitation, monitoring, restructuring and work-out of performing, sub-performing and nonperforming loans, administrative services, and cash management); (c) management services (i.e., management by a portfolio company, Blackstone affiliate or third party (e.g., a third party manager) of operational services); (d) operational services (i.e., general management of day to day operations); and (e) transaction support services (including, without limitation, assembling relevant information, conducting financial and market analyses, coordinating closing/post-closing procedures for acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions, coordination of design and development works, coordination with brokers, lawyers, accountants and other advisors, assistance with due diligence). Similarly, Other Clients and their portfolio entities can be expected to engage portfolio companies of certain Clients to provide some or all of these services.
Insurance. The General Partner will cause the Fund to purchase, and/or bear premiums, fees, costs and expenses (including any expenses or fees of insurance brokers) for insurance to insure the Client, the General Partner, the Registrant, GSO, Blackstone and/or their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives, members of the limited partner advisory committee and other indemnified parties (“Indemnified Parties”), against liability in connection with the activities of the Client. This includes a portion of any premiums, fees, costs and expenses for one or more “umbrella,” group or other insurance policies maintained by Blackstone that cover the Client and one or more Other Clients, the Registrant, GSO, Blackstone and/or Indemnified Parties. The General Partner will make judgments about the allocation of premiums, fees, costs and expenses for such “umbrella,” group or other insurance policies among the Client and one or more Other Clients, the Registrant, GSO and/or Blackstone on a fair and reasonable basis, in its sole discretion, and may make corrective allocations should it determine subsequently that such corrections are necessary or advisable. Additionally, certain Clients and Other Clients (and their respective portfolio companies) may jointly contribute to a pool of funds that may be used to pay losses that are subject to the deductibles on any group insurance policies, which contributions may similarly be allocated in accordance with the relative values of the respective properties that are insured by such policies (or other factors that Blackstone and/or GSO may reasonably determine). In respect of such insurance arrangements, Blackstone and/or GSO may make corrective allocations from time to time should they determine subsequently that such adjustments are necessary or advisable. There can be no assurance that different allocations or arrangements than those implemented by Blackstone and/or GSO as provided above would not result in the Client bearing less (or more) premiums, deductibles, fees, costs and expenses for insurance policies. Other Blackstone Businesses and Activities. Blackstone has multiple business lines, including the Blackstone Capital Markets Group, which Blackstone, GSO, Clients, portfolio entities of Clients and third parties may engage for debt and equity financings and to provide other investment banking, brokerage, investment advisory or other services. As a result of these activities, Blackstone is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than if it had one line of business. In most such circumstances, the Offering and/or Governing Documents will not preclude Clients from undertaking any particular investment activity and/or transaction. To the extent Blackstone determines appropriate, conflict mitigation strategies may be put in place with respect to a particular circumstance, such as internal information barriers or recusal, disclosure or other steps determined appropriate by Blackstone or GSO. Additionally, Blackstone, GSO or Other Clients can be expected to enter into covenants that restrict or otherwise limit the ability of a Client or its portfolio entities and their affiliates to make investments in, or otherwise engage in, certain businesses or activities. For example, Other Clients could have granted exclusivity to a joint venture partner that limits the Client and Other Clients from owning assets within a certain distance of any of the joint venture’s assets, or Blackstone, GSO or an Other Client could have entered into a non-compete in connection with a sale or other transaction. These types of restrictions may negatively impact the ability of certain Clients to implement their investment program. Finally, Blackstone and GSO personnel who are members of the investment team or investment committee may be excluded from participating in certain investment decisions due to conflicts involving other Blackstone businesses or for other reasons, in which case the Client will not benefit from their experience. Client investors will not receive a benefit from any fees earned by Blackstone and/or GSO or their personnel from these other businesses.
As part of its regular business, Blackstone provides a broad range of services. In addition, from time to time Blackstone will provide services in the future beyond those currently provided. Investors will not receive any benefit from any fees relating to such services earned by Blackstone. In the regular course of its capital markets, investment banking, real estate, advisory and other businesses, Blackstone represents potential purchasers, sellers and other involved parties, including corporations, financial buyers, management, shareholders and institutions, with respect to transactions that could give rise to other transactions that are suitable for certain Clients. In such a case, a Blackstone Client would typically require Blackstone to act exclusively on its behalf. Such Blackstone Client requests may preclude certain Clients and/or Other Clients from participating in related transactions that would otherwise be suitable. Blackstone will be under no obligation to decline any such engagements in order to make an investment opportunity available to such Clients. In connection with its capital markets, investment banking and other businesses, Blackstone will from time to time determine that there are conflicts of interest or come into possession of information that limits its ability to engage in potential transactions. The activities of the Clients are expected to be constrained as a result of such conflicts of interest and the inability of GSO personnel to use such information. For example, employees of Blackstone from time to time are prohibited by law or contract from sharing information with GSO. Additionally, there are expected to be circumstances in which one or more of certain individuals associated with Blackstone will be precluded from providing to the relevant General Partner or the Registrant services related to the Clients’ activities because of certain confidential information available to those individuals or to other parts of Blackstone. Blackstone is under no obligation to decline any such engagements or investments in order to make an investment opportunity available to one or more Clients.
Blackstone has long-term relationships with a significant number of corporations and their senior management. The Registrant will consider those relationships when evaluating an investment or divestment opportunity, which may result in the Registrant choosing not to make such an investment or divestment due to such relationships (e.g., investments in a competitor of a Client). The Clients may be forced to sell or hold existing investments as a result of investment banking relationships or other relationships that Blackstone may have or transactions or investments that Blackstone may make or have made. The Clients may also co-invest with Blackstone Clients in particular investment opportunities, and the relationship with such Clients could influence the decisions made by the Registrant and the relevant General Partner with respect to such investments. Therefore, there can be no assurance that all potentially suitable investment opportunities that come to the attention of Blackstone will be made available to the Clients. In addition, the Clients may invest in securities of the same issuers as Other Clients or Blackstone Clients. When such investments are made, the Clients are expected to have conflicting interests. See also “Other Affiliate Transactions and Investments in Different Levels of Capital Structure” below for further information on these situations.
A Client may also co-invest with Other Clients in particular investment opportunities, and the relationship with such Other Clients could influence the decisions made by the Registrant with respect to such investments. There can be no assurance that all potentially suitable investment opportunities that come to the attention of Blackstone and/or GSO will be made available to a Client. Blackstone, its related parties and personnel will from time to time participate in underwriting or lending syndicates with respect to current or potential portfolio companies of a Client, or otherwise be involved in and/or act as arrangers of financing, including with respect to the public offering and/or private placement of debt or equity securities issued by, or loan proceeds borrowed by, such Client and its portfolio companies, or otherwise in arranging financing (including loans) for such portfolio companies. Such underwritings or engagements may be on a firm commitment basis or may be on an uncommitted “best efforts” basis, and the underwriting or financing parties are under no duty to provide any commitment unless specifically set forth in the relevant contract. Blackstone may also provide placement or other similar services to purchasers or sellers of securities, including loans or instruments issued by portfolio companies. There may also be circumstances in which a Client commits to purchase any portion of such issuance from its portfolio company, some or all of which portion a Blackstone broker-dealer intends to syndicate to third parties. As a result thereof, Blackstone may receive commissions or other compensation, thereby creating a potential conflict of interest. This could include, by way of example, fees and/or commissions for equity syndications to co-investment vehicles. In certain cases, a Blackstone broker-dealer will act as the managing underwriter or a member of the underwriting syndicate or broker for a Client or its portfolio companies, or as dealer, broker or advisor to a counterparty to the Client or a portfolio company and purchase securities from or sell securities to the Client, Other Clients or their portfolio companies or advise on such transactions. Blackstone will also from time to time, on behalf of the Clients or other parties to a transaction involving the Clients, effect transactions, including transactions in the secondary markets, where it will nonetheless have a potential conflict of interest regarding the Clients and the other parties to those transactions to the extent it receives commissions or other compensation from the Clients and such other parties. Subject to applicable law, Blackstone will from time to time receive underwriting fees, discounts, placement commissions, lending arrangement and syndication fees (or, in each case, rebates of any such fees, whether in the form of purchase price discounts or otherwise, even in cases where Blackstone or a Blackstone Client or account is purchasing debt) or other compensation with respect to the foregoing activities, none of which are required to be shared with the Clients or the investors or the Registrant. In addition, the management fee with respect to a Fund investor generally will not be reduced by such amounts. Therefore, Blackstone will have a potential conflict of interest regarding the Clients and the other parties to those transactions to the extent it receives commissions, discounts or such other compensation from such other parties. The Registrant will approve any transactions in which a Blackstone broker-dealer acts as an underwriter, as broker for a Client, or as dealer, broker or advisor, on the other side of a transaction with a Client only where the Registrant believes in good faith that such transactions are appropriate for such Client. In addition, purchases or sales of loans or securities for the account of a Client (particularly marketable securities) may be bunched or aggregated with orders for Other Clients, including other funds. It is frequently not possible to receive the same price or execution on the entire volume of securities sold, and the various prices may be averaged, which may be disadvantageous to such Client. Where Blackstone serves as underwriter with respect to a portfolio company’s securities, the Clients will from time to time be subject to a “lock-up” period following the offering under applicable regulations during which time their ability to sell any securities that they continue to hold is restricted. This may prejudice the ability of the Clients to dispose of such securities at an opportune time. In addition, the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”) may limit a Client’s ability to undertake certain transactions with its affiliates that are registered under the Investment Company Act or regulated as business development companies under the Investment Company Act. As a result of these restrictions, certain Clients will be prohibited from executing “joint” transactions with such affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times). These limitations may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to such Clients. GSO has received an exemptive order from the SEC that permits certain Funds, among other things, to co-invest with certain other persons, including certain affiliates of GSO, and certain funds managed and controlled by GSO and its affiliates subject to certain terms and conditions.
Blackstone employees, including employees working on matters related to GSO, are generally permitted to invest in alternative investment funds, private equity funds, real estate funds, hedge funds or other investment vehicles, including potential competitors of the Clients. Investors will not receive any benefit from any such investments.
On October 1, 2015, Blackstone spun off its financial and strategic advisory services, restructuring and reorganization advisory services, and its Park Hill fund placement businesses and combined these businesses with PJT Partners Inc. (“PJT”), an independent financial advisory firm founded by Paul J. Taubman. While the new combined business operates independently from Blackstone and is not an affiliate thereof, nevertheless conflicts may arise in connection with transactions between or involving the Clients and their portfolio companies on the one hand and PJT on the other. Specifically, given that PJT is not an affiliate of Blackstone, there may be fewer or no restrictions or limitations placed on transactions or relationships engaged in by PJT’s new advisory business as compared to the limitations or restrictions that might apply to transactions engaged in by an affiliate of Blackstone. It is expected that there will be substantial overlapping ownership between Blackstone and PJT for a considerable period of time going forward. Therefore, conflicts of interest in doing transactions involving PJT will still arise. The pre-existing relationship between Blackstone and its former personnel involved in such financial and strategic advisory services, the overlapping ownership, co-investment and other continuing arrangements, may influence Blackstone and/or GSO in deciding to select or recommend PJT to perform such services for the Clients (or a portfolio company) (the cost of which will generally be borne directly or indirectly by the Clients or such company, as applicable). Nonetheless, the relevant General Partner, the Registrant and their affiliates will be free to cause the Clients and portfolio companies to transact with PJT generally without restriction under the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents notwithstanding such overlapping interests in, and relationships with, PJT. In addition, other present and future activities of Blackstone and its affiliates (including the Registrant and the General Partner) will from time to time give rise to additional conflicts of interest relating to the Clients and their investment activities. In the event that any such conflict of interest arises, the General Partner and/or the Registrant, as applicable, will attempt to resolve such conflict in a fair and equitable manner. Investors should be aware that conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of the applicable Client’s interests. In addition, pursuant to a Fund’s Offering and/or Governing Documents, such Fund’s limited partner advisory committee may be established and authorized to give consent on behalf of such Fund with respect to certain matters. If the limited partner advisory committee consents to a particular matter as to which it is consulted and the relevant General Partner and the Registrant act in a manner, or pursuant to the standards and procedures, approved by such committee, or otherwise as provided in the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents, then the General Partner, the Registrant and their affiliates will not have any liability to such Fund or the investors for such actions taken in good faith by them. Other Affiliate Transactions and Investments in Different Levels of Capital Structure. From time to time, the Clients may make investments at different levels of an issuer’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s loans or securities, subject to the limitations of the Investment Company Act. In addition, the Clients may invest in securities of the same issuers as other Blackstone Clients. Such investments may inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of loans or securities that may be held by such entities. To the extent a Client holds loans or securities that differ (including with respect to their relative seniority) from those held by Other Clients in the same investment or portfolio company, the relevant General Partner, the Registrant and their affiliates may be presented with decisions when the interests of the Clients are in conflict. For example, conflicts could arise where a Client lends funds to a portfolio company while an Other Client invests in equity securities of such portfolio company. In this circumstance, for example, if a portfolio company were to go into bankruptcy, become insolvent or otherwise be unable to meet its payment obligations or comply with its debt covenants, conflicts of interest could arise between the holders of different types of loans or securities as to what actions the portfolio company should take. Further conflicts could arise after the Clients have made their respective initial investments. For example, if additional financing is necessary as a result of financial or other difficulties, it may not be in the best interests of Clients to provide such additional financing. If Other Clients were to lose their respective investments as a result of such difficulties, the ability of the General Partner to take actions in the best interests of such Client might be impaired. The Registrant may in its discretion take steps to reduce the potential for adversity between such Client and the Other Clients, including causing Clients to take certain actions that, in the absence of such conflict, they would not take. Such conflicts will be more difficult if the Client and Other Clients hold significant or controlling interests in competing or different tranches of a portfolio company’s capital structure. In addition, there may be circumstances where the Registrant agrees to implement certain procedures to ameliorate conflicts of interest that may involve a forbearance of rights relating to Clients, such as where the Registrant may cause the Clients to decline to exercise certain control- and/or foreclosure-related rights with respect to a portfolio company (including following the vote of other third party lenders generally (or otherwise recusing itself with respect to decisions), including with respect to defaults, foreclosures, workouts, restructurings and/or exit opportunities), subject to certain limitations. There can be no assurance that any conflict will be resolved in favor of the Clients. There can be no assurance that the return on a particular Client’s investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by Other Clients participating in the transaction. In addition, it is possible that in a bankruptcy proceeding, a Client’s interests may be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of an Other Client’s or other vehicle’s involvement and actions relating to its investment. For example, in circumstances where a Client holds a junior mezzanine interest in a portfolio company, holders of more senior classes of debt issued by such portfolio company (which may include Other Clients) may take actions for their benefit (particularly in circumstances where such portfolio company faces financial difficulties or distress) that further subordinate or adversely impact the value of such Client’s investment in such portfolio company. In addition, conflicts may arise in determining the amount of an investment, if any, to be allocated among potential investors and the respective terms thereof. There can be no assurance that any conflict will be resolved in favor of a Client and a decision by GSO to take any particular action could have the effect of benefiting an Other Client (and, incidentally, may also have the effect of benefiting GSO) and therefore may not have been in the best interests of, and may be adverse to, the Client. There can be no assurance that the return on such Client’s investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by the Other Clients participating in the transaction. Investors in such Client will not receive any benefit from fees paid to any affiliate of Blackstone and/or GSO from a portfolio company in which an Other Client also has an interest.
Service Providers and Counterparties. Certain of Blackstone’s, GSO’s and/or portfolio companies’ advisors and other service providers or their affiliates (including accountants, administrators, lenders, bankers, brokers, attorneys, consultants, and investment or commercial banking firms) also provide goods or services to, or have business, personal, financial or other relationships with, Blackstone, its affiliates and portfolio companies. Such advisors and service providers referred to above (or their affiliates) may be investors in the Funds or affiliates of Blackstone and/or GSO, may have a Managed Account and/or may be sources of investment opportunities or co-investors or commercial counterparties and/or portfolio companies in which Blackstone and/or the Clients have an investment, and payments by the a Client and/or such portfolio company may benefit Blackstone and/or Other Clients. Retention of such service providers may give rise to actual or potential conflicts of interest.
Additionally, certain employees and other professionals of Blackstone and/or GSO may have family members or relatives employed by advisors and service providers to GSO, Blackstone and/or one or more Clients (or their affiliates) or otherwise actively involved in (or have business, financial or other relationships with) relevant industries. For example, such family members or relatives might be employees, officers, directors or owners of companies or assets that are actual or potential investments of a Client or other counterparties of a Client and its portfolio companies and/or assets. Moreover, in certain instances, a Client or its portfolio companies may issue loans to or acquire securities from, or otherwise transact with, companies that are owned by such family members or relatives or in respect of which such family members or relatives have other involvement. These relationships may influence Blackstone, GSO, the General Partner and/or the Registrant in deciding whether to select or recommend such service providers to perform services for the Clients or portfolio companies (the cost of which will generally be borne directly or indirectly by the Clients or such portfolio companies, as applicable). Notwithstanding the foregoing, investment transactions relating to the Clients that require the use of a service provider will generally be allocated to service providers on the basis of best execution, the evaluation of which includes, among other considerations, such service provider’s provision of certain investment-related services and research that the General Partner believes to be of benefit to the Clients. Certain Blackstone-affiliated service providers and their respective personnel will receive a management promote, an incentive fee and other performance-based compensation in respect of investments. Furthermore, Blackstone-affiliated service providers may charge costs and expenses based on allocable overhead associated with personnel working on relevant matters (including salaries, benefits and other similar expenses), provided that these amounts will not exceed market rates as determined by Blackstone or GSO to be appropriate under the circumstances.
Advisors and service providers, or their affiliates, often charge different rates (including below-market or no fee) or have different arrangements for different types of services. With respect to service providers, for example, the fee for a given type of work may vary depending on the complexity of the matter as well as the expertise required and demands placed on the service provider. Therefore, to the extent the types of services used by the Clients and portfolio companies differ from those used by Blackstone (including personnel) may pay different amounts or rates than those paid by the Clients and portfolio companies. Similarly, Blackstone, the Clients, Blackstone Clients and/or their portfolio companies may enter into agreements or other arrangements with vendors and other similar counterparties (whether such counterparties are affiliated or unaffiliated with Blackstone) from time to time whereby such counterparty may charge lower rates (or no fee) and/or provide discounts or rebates for such counterparty’s products and/or services depending on certain factors, including volume of transactions entered into with such counterparty by Blackstone, the Clients, Blackstone Clients and their portfolio companies in the aggregate. However, the Registrant has a longstanding practice of not entering into any arrangements with advisors or service providers that could provide for lower rates or discounts than those available to the Clients or portfolio companies for the same services. Furthermore, advisors and service providers may provide services exclusively to GSO and/or Blackstone, including GSO Clients and their portfolio companies, although such advisors and service providers will not be considered employees of Blackstone or GSO.
In addition, certain advisors and service providers (including law firms) may temporarily provide their personnel to GSO and/or Blackstone, the Clients or their portfolio companies pursuant to various arrangements including at cost or at no cost. While often the Clients and their portfolio companies are the beneficiaries of these types of arrangements, GSO and/or Blackstone are from time to time the beneficiaries of these arrangements as well, including in circumstances where the advisor or service provider also provides services to the Client in the ordinary course. Such personnel may provide services in respect of multiple matters, including in respect of matters related to GSO and/or Blackstone, their affiliates and/or portfolio companies and any costs of such personnel may be allocated accordingly. In addition, investment banks or other financial institutions, as well as Blackstone employees, may also be Fund investors. These institutions and employees are a potential source of information and ideas that could benefit the Fund. Blackstone has procedures in place reasonably designed to prevent the inappropriate use of such information by the Fund. Blackstone-affiliated service providers are generally expected to receive competitive market rate fees (as determined by the relevant General Partner, the Registrant or their affiliates) when providing services to Clients. Such affiliated service providers may include:
COE. The Blackstone Center of Excellence, located in Gurgaon, India (the “COE”) is a captive center of resources administered by Blackstone and ThoughtFocus Technologies LLC (“ThoughtFocus”), an independent firm in which Blackstone holds a minority position and participates as a member of the board. The COE is expected to perform services for certain Clients that may have historically been performed by Blackstone personnel, such as Clients’ administrative services, data collection and management services, and technology implementation and support services, which may be paid for by the Clients that receive such services on a similar basis as a third party providing such services. Blackstone, through its interest in ThoughtFocus, receives an indirect benefit resulting from the Clients’ payments for such services. These fees do not offset management fees payable by the limited partners.
Aquicore. Aquicore is a cloud-based platform that tracks, analyzes and predicts key metrics in real estate focused on the reduction of energy consumption. Blackstone holds a minority investment in Aquicore. Please see “Issuer Relationships” above for additional information.
Equity Healthcare. Equity Healthcare LLC (“Equity Healthcare”) is a Blackstone affiliate that negotiates with providers of standard administrative services and insurance carriers for health benefit plans and other related services for cost discounts, quality of service monitoring, data services and clinical consulting. Because of the combined purchasing power of its client participants, Equity Healthcare is able to negotiate pricing terms that are believed to be more favorable than those that the portfolio companies could obtain for themselves on an individual basis. The payments made to Blackstone in connection with Equity Healthcare, group purchasing, insurance and benefits management will not offset the management fee payable by investors. Optiv. Optiv is a portfolio company held by certain Blackstone private equity funds that provides a full slate of information security services and solutions and may provide goods and services for Clients and their portfolio companies. Refinitiv. Clients and Blackstone Clients have historically used various pricing services, including Thompson Reuters. On October 1, 2018, a consortium led by Blackstone announced that private equity funds managed by Blackstone had completed an acquisition of Thomson Reuters’ Financial & Risk business (“Refinitiv”). As of the closing date of the transaction, the Blackstone-led consortium owned a 55 percent equity stake in Refinitiv. Refinitiv operates a pricing service that provides valuation services to the mutual fund industry and certain Clients. The pricing information provided by Refinitiv to such Clients is substantially the same as the pricing information provided by Refinitiv to all other Refinitiv customers. Portfolio company service providers described in this section are generally owned by an Other Client. In certain instances a similar company could be owned by Blackstone directly. Blackstone could cause a transfer of ownership of one of these service providers from an Other Client to a Fund. The transfer of a portfolio company service provider between a Fund and an Other Client will generally be consummated for minimal or no consideration, and without obtaining any consent from a limited partner advisory committee. In such instances, GSO may, but is not required to, obtain a third party valuation confirming the same, and if it does, GSO may rely on such valuation.
Additionally, Blackstone and/or GSO will from time to time hold equity or other investments in companies or businesses (even if they are not “affiliates” of Blackstone) that provide services to or otherwise contract with portfolio companies. Blackstone and GSO have in the past entered (and can be expected in the future to enter) into relationships with companies in the information technology, corporate services and related industries whereby Blackstone acquires an equity or similar interest in such company. In connection with such relationships, Blackstone and/or GSO may also make referrals and/or introductions to portfolio companies (which may result in financial incentives (including additional equity ownership) and/or milestones benefitting Blackstone and/or GSO that are tied or related to participation by portfolio companies). The Clients and their investors will not share in any fees or economics accruing to Blackstone and/or GSO as a result of these relationships and/or participation by portfolio companies.
Blackstone Europe. Blackstone and/or GSO may incorporate or otherwise organize, and one or more of its affiliates have incorporated or otherwise organized, one or more Luxembourg-based or Ireland-based entities (and in the future may organize other non-U.S. entities) that are the master holding companies or other structures through which the Clients may principally invest into European investments (any such structure, “Blackstone Europe”) and that may be utilized by GSO. Blackstone Europe is expected to provide one or more of the following key service functions to the Clients and/or to the European- domiciled entities that are part of the investments of the Clients and may also be owned, directly or indirectly, by the Clients or their affiliates. The key service functions expected to be provided by Blackstone Europe and its employees are: (i) domiciliation, (ii) account management, (iii) administration, (iv) accounting, (v) tax, regulatory and organizational compliance, (vi) transaction support services and (vii) local office space, though other services may also be provided. Blackstone Europe is expected to receive fees for such services at no greater than market rates deemed competitive by Blackstone. The Clients will also bear the cost of fund administration and other related services provided by GSO and/or Blackstone employees and/or affiliates, including the allocation of their compensation otherwise payable by GSO and/or Blackstone, and, except in certain limited circumstances, such amounts will not offset the management fee. Such allocations require judgments as to methodology that the General Partner will make in good faith. Blackstone and/or GSO will endeavor to allocate fees and expenses associated with Blackstone Europe fairly and equitably, which allocation is expected to involve certain subjective assumptions based on actual data pertaining to the services provided. The Registrant believes that this method will result in a fair and equitable allocation of expenses. Any such expenses attributable directly or indirectly to the Clients, including the Clients’ allocable portion of overhead expenses (including, for example, the salary and compensation of personnel of Blackstone Europe) and costs associated with the leasing of office space, will be treated as the Clients’ expenses and will not be subject to management fee offset or otherwise be shared with the Clients or investors in the Clients. Self-Administration of the Funds. In certain instances, the Registrant may provide certain fund administration services to a Fund rather than engage a third party administrator to perform such services. The costs for providing these services are not included in the investment management fee and are paid separately by such Fund. The Registrant also reserves the right to charge one or more Clients a reduced rate for these services, or to reduce or waive such charges entirely. The Registrant generally determines the fund administration fee at the time a Fund is initially launched based on a fee structure that is commensurate with that of a non-affiliated third party performing equivalent services and negotiated on an arm’s length basis. The Registrant’s ability to determine the fund administration fee it receives from such Fund creates a conflict of interest. The Registrant addresses this conflict by reviewing its fund administration fee as the Registrant believes is appropriate (generally on an annual basis) to confirm that it is comparable and fair with regard to equivalent services performed by a non-affiliated third party at a rate negotiated on an arm’s length basis.
Allocation of Personnel. The relevant General Partner, GSO, the Registrant and their respective members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to the activities of the Clients as they deem necessary to conduct Client business affairs in an appropriate manner. However, GSO’s personnel, including certain members of the Investment Committee, will work on other projects and/or Other Clients, will serve on other committees and have other responsibilities throughout Blackstone, GSO and/or their portfolio companies, and, therefore, conflicts are expected to arise in the allocation of personnel and such personnel’s time. Subject to the terms of the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents, GSO and Blackstone expect to form additional investment funds, enter into other investment advisory relationships and engage in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with the Clients and/or may involve substantial time and resources of the Registrant. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time and effort of the members of GSO and its officers, managers, members and employees will not be devoted exclusively to the business of the Clients, but will be allocated between the business of the Clients and the management of the monies of such other advisees of GSO. In this regard, a group of the Registrant’s professionals will be subject to certain devotion of time requirements with respect to the activities of some of the Funds (and their respective investments) and their related entities (which may include separate accounts, dedicated managed accounts and/or investment funds formed for specific geographical areas or investments), which may vary among such vehicles. Activities of Principals and Employees. Certain of the principals and employees of the Registrant and/or the General Partner may be subject to a variety of conflicts of interest relating to their responsibilities to Clients and the management of Clients’ investment portfolios. Such individuals may serve in an advisory capacity to Other Clients. Such positions may create a conflict between the services and advice provided to Clients and the responsibilities owed to such Other Clients. Clients in which such individuals may become involved may have investment objectives that overlap with those of Other Clients. Furthermore, certain principals and employees of the Registrant may have a greater financial interest in the performance of such Other Clients than the performance of the Clients. Such involvement may create conflicts of interest in making investments on behalf of the Clients and such Other Clients. Such principals and employees will seek to limit any such conflicts in a manner that is in accordance with their fiduciary duties to the Clients.
Portfolio Company Data. Blackstone receives various kinds of portfo please register to get more info
As required by the Advisers Act, Blackstone and GSO have adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code”) that governs a number of potential conflicts of interest that exist in connection with the Clients under management. This Code is designed to enable the Registrant to meet its fiduciary obligation to Clients (or prospective Clients) and to instill a culture of compliance within the Registrant. An additional benefit of the Code is to assist Blackstone and GSO in preventing violations of securities laws. The Code is distributed to each employee at the time of hire and annually thereafter, and it is available on Blackstone’s intranet website.
The Code addresses, among other things, the following: requirements related to confidentiality; limitations on, and reporting of, gifts and entertainment; pre-clearance of political contributions; pre-clearance and reporting of employee personal securities transactions; restrictions on purchasing single-name public securities in employee self-directed personal securities trading accounts; pre-clearance of outside business activities; and protection of persons who engage in “whistle blowing” activities from retaliation.
On an annual basis, the Registrant requires all employees to certify that they are in compliance with the Code.
The Registrant offers many different products and services across its many businesses, and several potential conflicts of interest may arise. Please see Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations for a list of certain relevant investment related potential conflicts.
Subject to the Code and with proper approval, the Registrant’s employees may buy or sell, for their personal accounts, securities that may also be purchased or sold for Client accounts. The Registrant and its employees are subject to guidelines governing the ability to trade in personal accounts, including a prohibition on purchasing single-name public securities in employee self-directed personal securities trading accounts. The guidelines also generally require that such trading be conducted for investment rather than speculative purposes and that certain non-restricted personal securities transactions receive pre-clearance from the legal and compliance department. The Code is available for review upon request. To request a copy of the Code, please contact Panayiota (Toula) Bougiamas, the Chief Compliance Officer of the Registrant, at +1 (212) 503-2100. please register to get more info
Best Execution. Portfolio transactions for Clients will be allocated to brokers and dealers on the basis of best execution (which may include, among other items, the consideration of such broker’s or dealer’s ability to effect transactions, its facilities and financial responsibility). The SEC generally describes “best execution” as a duty to seek to execute securities transactions so that a client’s total costs or proceeds in each transaction are the most favorable under the circumstances. The SEC also has stated that when seeking best execution the determinative factor is not the lowest possible cost, but whether the transaction represents the best qualitative execution.
GSO considers the full range and quality of broker services including expertise and ability to perform execution services; ability to execute transactions in the markets at competitive prices without disrupting the market for a particular security; range of services provided and products offered (e.g., securities lending, margin lending, capital introduction, start-up services, reporting, research, valuation); quality and timeliness of market information provided; ability of broker to maintain confidentiality; relationship management/sales coverage; credit worthiness and financial responsibility; operational expertise; ability to maintain confidentiality; trading volumes; fees; and commission rate or spread involved.
Clients’ securities transactions can be expected to generate brokerage commissions and other compensation, all of which the Clients, and not GSO or any of its affiliates, will be obligated to pay.
Certain of GSO’s brokers and other service providers or their respective affiliates are also Clients or investors in the Funds. As consideration for services provided, these brokers and other service providers will receive reasonable and customary fees or commissions.
Certain GSO personnel involved in European investment advisory activities are subject to prohibitions against “inducements” under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (Directive 2014/65/EU) (“MiFID II”), and therefore provide reasonable compensation for research and other services provided by brokers.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, GSO does not “pay up” for research or other services provided by any brokers through the commission rate (e.g., GSO does not use “soft dollars”). The Head of Middle Office and Operations is responsible for the implementation and oversight of the counterparty approval process. The Data Governance Team functions within Middle Office and Operations to provide an optimal control framework between Trading and Legal/Compliance. The Data Governance Team consults with Legal/Compliance and Traders for due diligence of a potential counterparty to confirm that adequate “know your customer” and credit reviews have been conducted. It is also responsible for maintaining trade workflow controls, with the objective of confirming that trades are executed only with parties that are either on the Approved Counterparty List or that have otherwise received an approval from the Head of Middle Office and Operations and Legal/Compliance on a per trade basis. Allocation and Aggregation Policy. GSO is committed to transacting in securities and loans in a manner that is consistent with the investment objectives of each of the Clients, and to allocating investment opportunities (including purchase and sale opportunities) among the Clients on a fair and equitable basis. Clients and investors should be aware that, subject to various conditions set forth in the respective Offering and/or Governing Documents, certain Clients will receive priority with respect to certain investment allocations. In particular, certain Clients have been and will be designed, in whole or in part, to participate in investment opportunities in respect of which certain Other Clients will receive a primary allocation. Any Client, in respect of the relevant Fund or any Other Client and any investment opportunity, to the extent established to generally receive an allocation of an investment opportunity with priority over certain Other Clients, as determined by GSO in its sole discretion, will herein be referred to as a “GSO Primary Client.” Any Client, in respect of the relevant Fund or any Other Client and any investment opportunity, to the extent established to generally receive an allocation of such investment opportunity only to the extent that the amount of an investment opportunity exceeds the amount of the investment required to be made available or otherwise deemed appropriate for the relevant GSO Primary Clients, as determined by GSO in its sole discretion, will herein be referred to as a “GSO Overflow Client.”
The respective investment programs of a given Fund and Other Clients may or may not be substantially similar. GSO and/or Blackstone may give advice to (and recommend securities for) Other Clients that may differ from advice given to, or securities recommended or bought for, the relevant Fund, even though their investment objectives may be the same as or similar to those of the relevant Fund. While GSO will seek to manage potential conflicts of interest in a fair and equitable manner, the portfolio strategies employed by GSO and Blackstone in managing their respective Other Clients could conflict with the transactions and strategies employed by GSO in managing the relevant Fund and may affect the prices and availability of the loans, securities and instruments in which the relevant Fund invests. Conversely, participation in specific investment opportunities may be appropriate, at times, for both the relevant Fund and Other Clients. In any event, it is the policy of GSO to allocate investment opportunities and sale opportunities on a basis determined by GSO, in its sole discretion, to be fair and equitable over time. GSO Overflow Clients may not always participate in opportunities allocated to investment funds that constitute GSO Primary Clients, though such opportunities may be allocated to GSO Overflow Clients. Priority: Overflow Opportunities. Investment opportunities that fall within the investment objective of one or more GSO Overflow Clients and also within the investment objective of one or more GSO Primary Clients, may be offered first to the relevant GSO Primary Clients and may then be offered by GSO in its sole discretion to any third party or any member, shareholder or equivalent equity holder of such GSO Primary Client that is interested in co-investment opportunities before being offered to a GSO Overflow Client. Priority: Other Opportunities. Investment opportunities may generally be allocated to the relevant Fund and certain Other Clients with similar investment objectives as the relevant Fund as between the relevant Fund and such Other Clients, pro rata based on targeted acquisition size (generally based on available or committed capital) or targeted sale size (generally the aggregate positions held by the applicable Other Clients) for such investment. In assessing targeted sizes, GSO may take into account capital commitments, available cash and the relative capital of the respective funds and accounts, industry concentration, the portion of the portfolio dedicated to a particular strategy, any restrictions or guidelines set forth in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of such Clients and such other factors as GSO determines in good faith to be appropriate. Notwithstanding the foregoing, GSO may also consider the following factors in making any allocation determinations (which determinations shall be on a basis that GSO believes in good faith to be fair and reasonable), and such factors may result in a different allocation of investment and/or sale opportunities: (a) the risk-return and target return profile of the proposed investment relative to the relevant Clients’ current risk profiles; (b) the relevant Clients’ investment objectives, parameters, limitations and other contractual provisions, including whether such objectives are considered solely in light of the specific investment under consideration or in the context of the respective portfolios’ overall holdings; (c) the need to re-size risk in the relevant Clients’ portfolios (including the potential for the proposed investment to create an industry, sector or issuer imbalance within Clients’ portfolios, as applicable) and taking into account any existing non-pro rata investment positions among the portfolios of the relevant Clients; (d) liquidity considerations of relevant Clients’, including during a ramp-up or wind-down of one or more Client, proximity to the end of a Client’s specified term or investment period, any redemption/withdrawal requests from or with respect to a Client, anticipated future contributions and available cash; (e) legal, tax, accounting and other consequences; (f) regulatory or contractual restrictions or consequences; (g) avoiding a de minimis or odd lot allocation; (h) availability and degree of leverage and any requirements or other terms of any existing leverage facilities; (i) a Client’s investment focus on a classification attributable to an investment or issuer of an investment, including investment strategy, geography, industry or business sector; (j) the nature and extent of involvement in the transaction on the part of the respective teams of investment professionals dedicated to a Client; (k) the management of any actual or potential conflict of interest; (l) with respect to any investments that are made available to GSO by counterparties pursuant to negotiated trading platforms (e.g., ISDA contracts), the absence of such relationships, which may not be available for all Clients; (m) the specific nature (including size, type, amount, liquidity, holding period, anticipated maturity and minimum investment criteria) of the investment; (n) expected cash characteristics (such as cash-on-cash yield, distribution rates or volatility of cash flows); (o) relation to existing investments in a Client, if applicable (e.g., “follow on” to existing investment, joint venture or other partner to existing investment, or same security as existing investment); and (p) any other considerations deemed relevant by GSO in good faith. For the avoidance of doubt and notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, an affiliate of GSO may be allocated for its own account a portion of certain origination opportunities that otherwise would be appropriate investment opportunities for a Client. GSO shall not have any obligation to present any investment opportunity to a Client if GSO determines in good faith that such opportunity should not be presented to such Client for any one or a combination of the reasons specified above, or if GSO is otherwise restricted from presenting such investment opportunity to the Client. Moreover, with respect to GSO’s ability to allocate investment opportunities, including where such opportunities are within the common objectives and guidelines of the Client and one or more Other Clients (which allocations are to be made on a basis that GSO believes in good faith to be fair and reasonable), GSO and Blackstone have established general guidelines, which may be updated from time to time, for determining how such allocations are to be made, which, among other things, set forth principles regarding what constitute “debt” or “debt-like” investments, criteria for defining “control-oriented” or “infrastructure” investments, guidance regarding allocation for certain types of investments (e.g., distressed investments) and other matters. The application of those guidelines may result in a Client not participating (and/or not participating to the same extent) in certain investment opportunities in which it otherwise would have participated had the related allocations been determined without regard to such guidelines and/or based only on the circumstances of those particular investments.
In circumstances in which any Other Clients have investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with those of a Client, in whole or in part, Blackstone and/or GSO generally determine the relative allocation of investment opportunities among such vehicles on a fair and reasonable basis in good faith according to guidelines and factors determined by Blackstone and/or GSO. However, such good faith determinations could be based on expectations that may prove inaccurate. Information unavailable to GSO, or circumstances not foreseen by GSO at the time of allocation, may cause an investment opportunity to yield a different return than expected. Conversely, an investment that GSO expects to be consistent with a Client’s return objectives may fail to achieve them.
When GSO determines not to pursue for a Client some or all of an investment opportunity that would otherwise be within a Client’s objectives and strategies, and Blackstone or GSO provides the opportunity or offers the opportunity to Other Clients, Blackstone or GSO, including their personnel, may receive compensation from the Other Clients, whether or not in respect of a particular investment, including an allocation of performance-based compensation or referral fees, and any such compensation could be greater than amounts paid by such Client to GSO. As a result, GSO (including personnel who receive such compensation) could be incentivized to allocate investment opportunities away from a Client or to source investment opportunities for Other Clients. In addition, in some cases Blackstone or GSO may earn greater fees when Other Clients participate alongside or instead of the Client in an investment. Additionally, it can be expected that GSO and/or Blackstone will, from time to time, enter into arrangements or strategic relationships with third parties, including other asset managers, financial firms or other businesses or companies, that, among other things, provide for referral, sourcing or sharing of investment opportunities. It is possible that one or more Clients will, along with GSO and/or Blackstone itself, benefit from the existence of those arrangements and/or relationships. It is also possible that investment opportunities that otherwise would be presented to or made by one or more Clients would instead be referred (in whole or in part) to such third party or to other third parties. This means that co-investment opportunities that are sourced by a Fund may be allocated to investors that are not investors of such Fund. For example, a firm with which GSO and/or Blackstone has entered into a strategic relationship may be afforded with “first call” rights on a particular category of investment opportunities, although there is not expected to be substantial overlap in the investment strategies and/or objectives between a Client and any such firm. Aggregation opportunities for GSO generally arise when more than one Client or Blackstone Client is capable of purchasing or selling a particular asset based on investment objectives, available cash, and other factors. GSO will generally execute transactions on behalf of Clients and, if applicable, Blackstone Clients on an aggregated basis when we believe that to do so will allow us to obtain best execution and to negotiate more favorable commission rates or other transaction costs that might have otherwise been paid had such orders been placed independently. When aggregating orders, Clients and Blackstone Clients will be treated in a fair and equitable manner, provided that certain trades may not be aggregated by GSO to the extent that the participating Clients or Blackstone Clients do not have the same counterparty relationship established. An “aggregated order” means an order placed by GSO on behalf of one or more Clients that does not specify to the counterparty: (a) the allocation among Clients, groups of Clients or Blackstone Clients and (b) that any partial fills should be allocated pro rata among Clients, groups of Clients or Blackstone Clients in accordance with the specified allocation unless otherwise designated in an allocation worksheet, if applicable. Each Client that participates in the allocation of an aggregated order will participate in such allocation at the same price for that investment on a given business day, with aggregated transaction costs shared pro rata based on each individual Client’s participation in the investment (subject to the terms of a Client’s Offering and/or Governing documents).
Co-investment Opportunities. In addition to participation by the Consultants in specific transactions or investment opportunities, the Consultants and/or other Blackstone employees may be permitted to participate in Blackstone’s side-by-side co-investment rights. Such rights generally do not provide for a management fee or performance-based compensation payable by participants therein and generally result in a Client being allocated a smaller share of an investment than would otherwise be the case in the absence of such side-by-side. Additionally, Other Clients will be permitted (or have a preferred right) to participate in Blackstone/GSO’s side-by-side co-investment rights. In particular, funds, vehicles, accounts and other similar arrangements managed by Blackstone Multi-Asset Advisors L.L.C., which co-invest with multiple Blackstone funds, are expected to participate in investments alongside the Clients pursuant to Blackstone/GSO’s side-by-side investment rights. In lieu of all or a portion of the side-by-side investment described above, one or more of the permitted GSO and/or Blackstone participants described above may instead elect to make capital contributions directly to a Client. In either of these situations, Blackstone would be eligible to receive fees and performance-based compensation, and whether Blackstone receives such fees will be determined in Blackstone’s sole discretion. Subject to the terms of the relevant Offering and/or Governing Documents, the relevant General Partner or GSO may cause a Client to initially acquire a portion of an investment for the purpose of syndicating such portion to one or more potential co-investment vehicles established and/or controlled by the General Partner, GSO and/or their affiliates. In certain circumstances, GSO will determine that a co-investment opportunity should be offered to one or more third parties (such investors, “Co-Investors”), including investors in one or more Clients (such Co-Investors that are investors in the applicable Fund, “LP Co- Investors”). GSO will maintain discretion with respect to which Co-Investors are offered any such opportunity. It is expected that many investors who may have expressed an interest in co-investment opportunities will not be allocated any co-investment opportunities or may receive a smaller amount of co-investment opportunities than the amount requested. Furthermore, co-investment offered by GSO will be on such terms and conditions (including with respect to management fees, performance-based compensation and related arrangements and/or other fees applicable to co-investors) as GSO determines to be appropriate in its sole discretion on a case-by-case basis, which may differ amongst Co- Investors with respect to the same co-investment opportunity. Additionally, a Fund and Co- Investors will often have different investment objectives and limitations, such as return objectives and maximum hold period. GSO, as a result, will have conflicting incentives in making decisions with respect to such opportunities. Even if the Fund and any such parties invest in the same securities on similar terms, conflicts of interest will still arise as a result of differing investment profiles of the investors, among other items.
Each co-investment opportunity (should any exist) is likely to be different, and allocation of each such opportunity will depend on the facts and circumstances specific to that unique situation (e.g., timing, industry, size, geography, asset class, projected holding period, exit strategy and counterparty). Different situations will require that the various facts and circumstances of each opportunity be weighted differently, as GSO deems relevant to such opportunity. Such factors are likely to include, among others, (i) whether the potential Co- Investor adds strategic value, industry expertise or other similar synergies; (ii) whether a potential Co-Investor has expressed an interest in evaluating co-investment opportunities; (iii) whether a potential Co-Investor has an overall strategic relationship with Blackstone and/or GSO that provides it with more favorable rights with respect to co-investment opportunities; (iv) whether a potential Co-Investor has demonstrated a long-term and/or continuing commitment to the potential success of Blackstone, GSO, any of the Funds, Other Clients or other co-investments (including whether a potential Co-Investor will help establish, recognize, strengthen and/or cultivate relationships that may provide indirectly longer-term benefits to the Funds or Other Clients and their respective underlying portfolio companies, or whether the potential Co-Investor has significant capital under management by Blackstone or intends to increase such amount); (v) the ability of a potential Co-Investor to commit to a co-investment opportunity within the required timeframe of the particular transaction; (vi) GSO’s assessment of a potential Co-Investor’s ability to invest an amount of capital that fits the needs of the investment (taking into account the amount of capital needed as well as the maximum number of investors that can realistically participate in the transaction); (vii) whether the Co-Investor is considered “strategic” to the investment because it is able to offer a Fund certain benefits, including but not limited to, the ability to help consummate the investment, the ability to aid in operating or monitoring the portfolio entity or the possession of certain expertise; (viii) the transparency, speed and predictability of the potential Co-Investor’s investment process; (ix) whether Blackstone has previously expressed a general intention to seek to offer co-investment opportunities to such potential Co-Investor; (x) whether a potential Co-Investor has the financial and operational resources and other relevant wherewithal to evaluate and participate in a co-investment opportunity; (xi) the familiarity Blackstone has with the personnel and professionals of the investor in working together in investment contexts (which may include such potential Co-Investor’s history of investment in other Blackstone co-investment opportunities); (xii) the extent to which a potential Co-Investor has committed to an Other Client; the size of such potential Co- Investor’s interest to be held in the underlying portfolio entity as a result of the Fund’s investment (which is likely to be based on the size of the potential Co-Investor’s capital commitment or investment in the Fund); (xiii) the extent to which a potential Co-Investor has been provided a greater amount of co-investment opportunities relative to others; (xiv) the ability of a potential Co-Investor to invest in potential add-on acquisitions for the portfolio entity or participate in defensive investments; (xv) the likelihood that the potential Co-Investor would require governance rights that would complicate or jeopardize the transaction (or, alternatively, whether the investor would be willing to defer to Blackstone and assume a more passive role in governing the portfolio entity); (xvi) any interests a potential Co-Investor may have in any competitors of the underlying portfolio entity; (xvii) the tax profile of the potential Co-Investor and the tax characteristics of the investment (including whether the potential Co-Investor would require particular structuring implementation or covenants that would not otherwise be required but for its participation or whether such Co-Investor’s participation is beneficial to the overall structuring of the investment); (xviii) whether a potential Co-Investor’s participation in the transaction would subject a Fund and/or the portfolio company to additional regulatory requirements, review and/or scrutiny, including any necessary governmental approvals required to consummate the investment; (xix) the potential Co-Investor’s chemistry with the potential management team of the portfolio company; (xx) whether the potential Co-Investor has any existing positions in the portfolio company (whether in the same security in which a Fund is investing or otherwise); (xxi) whether there is any evidence to suggest that there is a heightened risk with respect to the potential Co-Investor maintaining confidentiality; (xxii) whether the potential Co-Investor has demonstrated a long-term and/or continuing commitment to the potential success of a Fund, other affiliated funds and/or other co-investments, including the size of such commitment; (xxiii) whether the potential Co-Investor has any known investment policies and restrictions, guideline limitations or investment objectives that are relevant to the transaction, including the need for distributions; (xxiv) whether the expected holding period and risk-return profile of the investment is consistent with the stated goals of the investor; and (xxv) such other factors as GSO deems relevant and believes to be appropriate under the circumstances. The factors listed in the foregoing sentence are neither presented in order of importance nor weighted, except that GSO has historically primarily relied upon the following two factors in making the determination to offer co-investment opportunities to Co-Investors: (i) whether the potential Co-Investor has demonstrated a long-term and/or continuing commitment to the potential success of the Funds (including whether a potential Co-Investor will help establish, recognize, strengthen and/or cultivate relationships that may provide indirectly longer-term benefits to the Fund or Other Blackstone Clients and their respective underlying portfolio companies), other affiliated funds, and/or other co-investments, including the size of any such commitment and fee revenue or profits generated for the benefit of GSO or Blackstone as a result thereof and (ii) the ability of a potential Co-Investor to commit to a co-investment opportunity within the required timeline of the particular transaction. Except as otherwise described herein, Co- Investors generally will not share Broken Deal Expenses with a Fund and Other Clients, and such expenses may be significant. GSO may (but is not required to) establish co-investment vehicles for one or more investors (including third party investors and investors in the Fund) in order to co-invest alongside the Fund in one or more future investments. The existence of these vehicles could reduce the opportunity for other investors to receive allocations of co-investment.
In addition, GSO may agree with investors (including Blackstone strategic relationships, third party investors and investors in the Clients) to more favorable rights or pre-negotiated terms with respect to co-investment opportunities, including with respect to discounts or rebates of performance-based compensation and/or management fees. To the extent any such arrangements are entered into, they may result in fewer co-investment opportunities being made available to investors in Clients. Furthermore, in connection with any co-investment by third party Co-Investors, GSO and/or Blackstone may establish one or more investment vehicles managed or advised by GSO and/or Blackstone to facilitate such Co-Investors’ investment alongside one or more Clients.
The amount and frequency of co-investment by any co-investment vehicle would be at the discretion of the General Partner or GSO, as applicable, or as determined by the Offering and/or Governing Documents of such co-investment vehicle. It is possible that the co- investment vehicle would result in fewer co-investment opportunities being made available to investors who do not participate therein, and allocations to the co-investment vehicle are likely to result in the investment vehicles investing less than they would have in the related investment.
In addition, GSO and/or its affiliates may be incentivized to offer certain potential Co- Investors opportunities to co-invest in priority and/or on more favorable terms as compared to other potential Co-Investors because the extent to which any such Co-Investor participates in (or is offered) co-investment opportunities may impact the amount of performance-based compensation and/or management fees paid by the Co-Investor receiving the priority allocation or better terms (as well as any additional discounts or rebates thereof that may result if certain target co-investment allocations or other conditions under such arrangements are not achieved) to which the General Partner and/or its affiliates are entitled under the arrangements with such Co-Investor with respect to such Co-Investor’s participation in one or more Other Clients, investments and/or otherwise in connection with such Co-Investor’s relationship with Blackstone. The amount of performance-based compensation or expenses charged (including diligence expenses and general overhead, administrative, deal sourcing and related corporate expenses) and/or management fees or other fees paid (or offset) by the Client may be less than or exceed such amounts charged or paid by co-investment vehicles pursuant to the terms of such vehicles’ partnership agreements and/or other agreements with Co-Investors, and such variation in the amount of fees and expenses may create an economic incentive for GSO to allocate a greater or lesser percentage of an investment opportunity to such Client or such co-investment vehicles or Co- Investors, as the case may be. In addition, other terms of existing and future co-investment vehicles may differ materially, and in some instances may be more favorable to GSO, than the terms of the Client, and such different terms may create an incentive for GSO to allocate a greater or lesser percentage of an investment opportunity to the Client or such co- investment vehicles, as the case may be. Such incentives will from time to time give rise to conflicts of interest, and there can be no assurance that such conflicts of interest will be resolved in favor of the Client. Accordingly, any investment opportunities that would have otherwise been offered or allocated, in whole or in part, to a Client may be reduced and made available to co-investment vehicles. Co-investments may be offered by the General Partner on such terms and conditions (including with respect to management fees, performance- based compensation and related arrangements) as the General Partner determines in its discretion on a case-by-case basis.
GSO will, prior to making any co-investment opportunities available to any Co-Investor, determine whether any given investment opportunity is (a) required to be offered to specific LP Co-Investors or a dedicated co-investment vehicle under the terms of any agreement and/or (b) suitable for Other Clients pursuant to the contractual terms governing such Other Clients, taking into account the Other Clients’ investment strategy, GSO’s policies and procedures and GSO’s fiduciary duties. There are also circumstances where a portion of an investment opportunity that otherwise would have been invested in by a Client is instead allocated to Co-Investors, and there is no guarantee for any Client or investor that it will be offered any co-investment opportunities.
Apart from the factors described above, the form and terms of each co-investment opportunity will similarly be determined by GSO on a case-by-case basis, based on the facts and circumstances of the particular transaction. The terms and conditions (including, and dependent upon the proposed structure of such transaction, any fees or incentive allocation payable to GSO) will be negotiated on a case-by-case basis. Please see Item 5 – Fees and Compensation for information about the allocation of Broken Deal Expenses with respect to co-investment opportunities. GSO will be entitled to consider as a factor the likelihood that a potential Co-Investor will accept or be amenable to the proposed form and terms of such co- investment.
Investments in Portfolio Companies Alongside Other Clients. From time to time, the Clients will co-invest with other Blackstone Clients (including co-investment or other vehicles in which Blackstone or its personnel invest and that co-invest with such other Blackstone Clients) in investments that are suitable for both the Clients and such other Blackstone Clients. Even if the Clients and any such other Blackstone Clients and/or co- investment or other vehicles invest in the same securities, conflicts of interest may still arise. For example, it is possible that as a result of legal, tax, regulatory, accounting or other considerations, the terms of such investment (and divestment thereof) (including with respect to price and timing) for the Clients and such other funds and vehicles may not be the same. Additionally, the Clients and such other Blackstone Clients and/or vehicles will generally have different investment periods and/or investment objectives (including return profiles) and GSO, as a result, may have conflicting goals with respect to the price and timing of disposition opportunities. As such, a Fund and/or such Other Clients may dispose of any such shared investment at different times and/or on different terms. Moreover, while GSO generally seeks to use reasonable efforts to avoid cross-guarantees and other similar arrangements, a counterparty, lender or other participant in any transaction to be pursued by the Clients and/or the other Blackstone Clients may require or prefer facing only one fund entity or group of entities, which may result in any of the Clients and such other Blackstone Clients and/or vehicles being jointly and severally liable for such applicable obligation (subject to any limitations set forth in the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents thereof), which in each case may result in the Clients and such other Blackstone Clients and/or vehicles entering into a back-to-back or other similar reimbursement agreement. In such situations it is not expected that any of the Clients or such other Blackstone Clients or vehicles would be compensated (or provide compensation to the other) for being primarily liable vis-à-vis such third party counterparty.
Debt Financings in connection with Acquisitions and Dispositions. A Client may from time to time provide financing (1) as part of a third party purchaser’s bid for, or acquisition of, a portfolio entity or the underlying assets thereof owned by one or more Other Clients and/or (2) in connection with a proposed acquisition or investment by one or more Other Clients or affiliates of a portfolio company and/or its underlying assets. This generally would include the circumstance where a Client is making commitments to provide financing at or prior to the time such third party purchaser commits to purchase such investments or assets from one or more Other Clients. A Client may also make investments and provide debt financing with respect to portfolio companies in which Other Clients and/or affiliates hold or propose to acquire an interest, including when such investments or debt financing would result in (x) facilitating the acquisition by one or more Other Clients of all or a portion of the economic ownership interests and voting rights in a portfolio company or (y) the repayment of an Other Client’s existing investment. While the terms and conditions of any such arrangements will generally be at arm’s length and negotiated on a case by case basis, the involvement of such Client and/or such Other Clients or affiliates may affect the terms of such transactions or arrangements and/or may otherwise influence the applicable management company’s decisions with respect to the management of such Client and/or such Other Clients or the relevant portfolio company, which may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest and which could adversely impact such Client.
A Client may from time to time dispose of all or a portion of an investment where Blackstone or one or more Other Clients is providing financing to repay debt issued to such Client. Such involvement may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest. Trade Errors. A trade error is an error made by GSO in the placement, execution, or settlement of a trade for a Client. Trade errors are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Errors are reported to the Chief Compliance Officer upon discovery and are to be corrected as soon after discovery as is reasonably practicable. GSO generally will reimburse losses suffered by a Client as a result of a trade error caused by GSO’s gross negligence or such other standards of care as otherwise specified in the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents of such Client. Client losses and Client gains will be reviewed on a “net” basis, taking into account, among other factors, all income attributable to the trade that is the subject of the trade error, similar trades, or trades within a specified period, provided that the resolution is equitable to the Client over time. In addition, GSO will not correct a trade error made for one Client by causing another Client to buy or sell the securities unless such transaction has been approved by a committee that oversees conflicts of interest. The violation of any prohibitions, limits or any other guidelines (numerical, percentage- based, ratings-based or otherwise) that constitutes a "trade error" shall cease to constitute a “trade error” if (i) such violation is expressly curable under the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents and (ii) GSO cures such violation after becoming aware of the violation in accordance with such Offering and/or Governing Documents. GSO may purchase, acquire, sell, exchange, liquidate, transfer or otherwise dispose of any asset or instrument (whether such asset or instrument is the cause of such violation or not) in the event of, or to cure, any such violation.
The following circumstances do not constitute trade errors: (a) the error does not result in a transaction in a Client’s account (such as an error that results in the loss of an investment opportunity), (b) the error is the fault of the executing broker-dealer or another third party, (c) the purchase or sale of the asset is reallocated to another Client prior to settlement in accordance with GSO’s allocation policies, (d) the purchase or sale of an asset violates restrictions solely arising from a contractual obligation to a third party other than the applicable Client, (e) the failure to satisfy certain contractually imposed settlement requirements results in the forfeiture of delayed compensation, as provided under The Loan Syndications and Trading Association (“LSTA”) Standard Terms and Conditions for Par/Near Par Trade Confirmations, which are incorporated by reference into the LSTA Par/Near Par Trade Confirmation; (f) the Offering and/or Governing Documents of the applicable Client expressly provide for the right of GSO to cure such that a trade error is deemed not to have occurred and GSO cures in accordance therewith, or (g) the applicable Client ratifies the trade in writing. please register to get more info
The Registrant’s investment professionals review Client accounts on an ongoing basis. This analysis includes, but is not limited to, a review of:
• Compliance with the investment strategy and restrictions provided in the specific offering documents of such Client
• Potential Conflicts
• Market Conditions
• Style Drift
• Performance Attribution
• Performance Deviation
These reviews take place at Investment Committee meetings, where investment ideas and strategies are discussed. A variety of internal and external resources may be reviewed during the course of such meetings. In addition to these formal meetings, which take place weekly or as needed, the Registrant’s investment professionals may meet and discuss the review of investment advisory accounts on a more frequent, informal basis. The Investment Committee also conducts regular credit reviews based on monitoring and analysis performed by traders and investment analysts.
The Registrant provides unaudited performance reports on a monthly or quarterly basis to certain Clients, as specified in the Offering and/or Governing Documents of such Clients, and provides audited financial statements to Fund investors annually. The Registrant may elect to provide different levels of reports to investors. Certain investors in the Funds may request information relating to a Fund and, to the extent such information is readily available or may be obtained without unreasonable effort or expense, the Registrant will provide such investors with the information requested. Investors that request and receive such information will consequently possess information regarding the business and affairs of a Fund that may not be known to other investors. As a result, certain investors may take actions on the basis of such information that other investors, lacking such information, do not take. please register to get more info
The Registrant may make cash payments to third parties for solicitation activities in accordance with Rule 206(4)-3 of the Advisers Act, to the extent applicable. In a typical distribution/placement arrangement, the Registrant may agree to pay a third party solicitor for referring investors in certain Funds or Managed Accounts. Typically, the third party solicitors will receive a portion of the management fee and/or performance fee payable to the Registrant (although other payment arrangements could exist). A prospective investor solicited by a third party solicitor engaged by the Registrant will be informed of (and may be asked to acknowledge in writing its understanding of) any such arrangement. All fees for such solicitation services will be borne by the Registrant, and investors in such Fund or the owner of such Managed Account will not bear any increased or additional fees or charges. The dollar amount of any placement agent fees is paid out of the applicable Funds, but may be credited as an offset to the management fees paid by the Funds or Managed Accounts, as provided in the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents of the Client. Third party solicitors in the U.S. will be registered as broker-dealers with the SEC. Third party solicitors outside the U.S. may be registered with a non-U.S. regulatory body to the extent such registration is required. BAP, an affiliate of GSO, serves as a placement agent to the Funds in the U.S. but is not compensated for such services. Please see Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations for more information. please register to get more info
In connection with the management of investments for certain Clients, Capital Partners has, or is deemed to have, custody of certain funds or securities of its Clients. Rule 206(4)-2 (the “Custody Rule”) of the Advisers Act defines custody as holding client securities or funds or having any authority to obtain possession of them, including the authority to withdraw funds or securities from a client’s accounts or ownership of or access to client funds or securities (such as through fee deductions). Capital Partners maintains certain Client assets with qualified custodians, such as U.S. banks, registered broker-dealers, futures commission merchants, and certain foreign financial institutions. please register to get more info
The Registrant generally, although not exclusively, acts as a discretionary investment adviser and may exercise sole authority to determine the securities bought and sold for each account, as well as the amounts thereof, without obtaining specific client consent and without limitation on such authority. Any specific investment guidelines and restrictions are provided in the applicable Offering and/or Governing Documents. Please refer to Item 12 – Brokerage Practices for a discussion on the Registrant’s Allocation and Aggregation Policy. please register to get more info
As a fiduciary, an investment adviser with proxy voting authority has a duty to monitor corporate events and to vote proxies on behalf of its clients, as well as a duty to cast such votes in the best interests of its clients and to not subrogate client interests to its own. Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act (the “Proxy Voting Rule”) places specific requirements on registered investment advisers with proxy voting authority. Due to the nature of the investment strategies deployed by the Registrant, equity securities will generally not be a large portion of the investments of any Client. Nevertheless, because the Registrant generally has discretionary authority over the securities held by the Clients, the Registrant is viewed as having proxy voting authority over such securities. Accordingly, the Registrant is subject to the Proxy Voting Rule. To meet its obligations under this rule, the Registrant has adopted written Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures, which are available upon request. These policies and procedures are reasonably designed and implemented in a manner reasonably expected to confirm that the Registrant votes proxies in the best interests of its Clients and to address how the Registrant will resolve any conflict of interest that may arise when voting proxies. Clients may request a copy of the Registrant’s proxy voting policy and the proxy voting record by contacting the Registrant at the address or telephone number on the cover of this Brochure. please register to get more info
The Registrant is not aware of any financial condition reasonably likely to impair its ability to meet contractual commitments to its Clients. please register to get more info
Open Brochure from SEC website
Assets | |
---|---|
Pooled Investment Vehicles | $55,317,044,950 |
Discretionary | $51,585,035,804 |
Non-Discretionary | $3,732,009,146 |
Registered Web Sites
- HTTP://WWW.GSOCAP.COM/
- HTTP://WWW.BLACKSTONE.COM/
- HTTPS://BLACKSTONE.PODBEAN.COM/
- HTTPS://MEDIUM.COM/BLACKSTONEBX
- HTTPS://SOUNDCLOUD.COM/BLACKSTONE-300250613
- HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/BLACKSTONE
- HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BLACKSTONE/
- HTTPS://WWW.INSTAGRAM.COM/BLACKSTONE/
- HTTPS://WWW.LINKEDIN.COM/company/7834/
- HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/user/BLACKSTONEGROUP
- HTTPS://OPEN.SPOTIFY.COM/SHOW/1PQAIGD12KGRN8RLIJBHE7
Related news
This stock tops 2020 multibagger list among smallcaps, can the northward journey continue?
Hyderabad-based Tanla Platforms (erstwhile Tanla Solutions), the cloud communications provider, topped the gainers' list among smallcaps in the calendar year 2020 and provided a massive 867 percent return.Blackstone Group Inc.
Stocks: Real-time U.S. stock quotes reflect trades reported through Nasdaq only; comprehensive quotes and volume reflect trading in all markets and are delayed at least 15 minutes. International ...Falcon Minerals Corp.
Stocks: Real-time U.S. stock quotes reflect trades reported through Nasdaq only; comprehensive quotes and volume reflect trading in all markets and are delayed at least 15 minutes. International ...SPDR® Blackstone / GSO Senior Loan ETF
Daniel T. McMullen is a Senior Managing Director and Senior Portfolio Manager with GSO Capital Partners LP (“GSO”), and serves as lead Portfolio Manager of the Portfolio. Since joining Blackstone in 2002, Mr. McMullen's responsibilities have included ...GSO Capital Solutions Fund III LP
When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures.Blackstone Credit Announces Name Changes for Three Closed-End Funds
Blackstone is one of the world's leading investment firms. We seek to create positive economic impact and long-term value for our investors, the companies we invest in, and the communities in ...Blackstone Credit Announces Name Changes for Three Closed-End Funds
Blackstone is one of the world's leading investment firms. We seek to create positive economic impact and long-term value for our investors, the companies we invest in, and the communities in ...Blackstone Credit Announces Name Changes for Three Closed-End Funds
formerly known as "GSO / Blackstone Debt Funds Management LLC" and an affiliate of Blackstone Alternative Credit Advisors LP, formerly known as "GSO Capital Partners LP" (collectively, and ...Blackstone / GSO Closed-End Funds Declare Monthly Distributions
Disclaimer | Commerce Policy | Made In NYC | Stock quotes by finanzen.net NEW YORK, Dec. 9, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- GSO / Blackstone Debt Funds Management LLC, an affiliate of GSO Capital Partners LP ...Blackstone / GSO Closed-End Funds Declare Monthly Distributions
The Funds declare a set of monthly distributions each quarter in amounts closely tied to the respective Fund's recent average monthly net income. As a result, the monthly distribution amounts for ...
Loading...
No recent news were found.