BRILLIANCE ASSET MANAGEMENT LIMITED
- Advisory Business
- Fees and Compensation
- Performance-Based Fees
- Types of Clients
- Methods of Analysis
- Disciplinary Information
- Other Activities
- Code of Ethics
- Brokerage Practices
- Review of Accounts
- Client Referrals
- Custody
- Investment Discretion
- Voting Client Securities
- Financial Information
Brilliance is a Hong Kong limited liability company. Brilliance was incorporated in Hong Kong on 18 March 2013 and has its principal place of business at Suite 3007-3008, 30/F, One International Finance Centre, 1 Harbour View Street, Central, Hong Kong. Brilliance also operates a branch office in the People's Republic of China (PRC), with principal place of business at 1504, 15/F, East Tower, World Financial Centre, No. 1 East Third Ring Centre, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PRC.
Brilliance was established by Lin Shi and is focused on managing a portfolio reflecting analyzable and trackable business opportunities which are simple and easily understood, with a preference for investments offering exposure to: (i) structural developments and major cyclical trends of the Chinese economy; and (ii) China-driven global economic developments.
The principal owner of Brilliance is Lin Shi.
Brilliance serves as the investment adviser to Brilliance Capital Management, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands ("Brilliance Cayman") in connection with investment management services to be provided to Brilliant Partners Fund LP, established in January 2013 as an Exempted Limited Partnership registered in the Cayman Islands, China Core Fund, established in March 2017 as a Cayman Islands Exempted Company Incorporated with Limited Liability, and a number of separately managed accounts opened at different times since 2015 (herein collectively, the “Funds”). Each of Brilliant Partners Fund LP and China Core Fund serves as a master fund with two feeder funds. The feeder funds for Brilliant Partners Fund LP are: (1) Brilliant US Feeder 1 Fund Limited, a Cayman Islands Exempted Company incorporated with Limited Liability and (2) Brilliant US Feeder 2 Fund Limited, a Cayman Islands Exempted Company incorporated with Limited Liability. The feeder funds for China Core Fund are: (1) China Core Fund Feeder 1, a Cayman Islands Exempted Company Incorporated with Limited Liability; and (2) China Core Fund Feeder 2, a Cayman Islands Exempted Company incorporated with Limited Liability.
Brilliance currently serves as investment adviser for a total number of four separately managed accounts. The latest, Segregated Portfolio T was opened in May 2019. The rest are being A&Q Metric SPC in July 2018, Banyan China Fund Ltd (July 2015) and PCH Manager Fund (October 2016) . Since the firm’s inception, one management accounts, P Brilliance, was closed at the beginning of 2018.
Brilliance also serves as the investment manager to Brilliance Asset Management ICAV (the “ICAV”), a structured open-ended umbrella Irish collective asset-management vehicle authorized by the Central Bank of Ireland. The ICAV has established the Brilliance China Core Long Short Fund since April 2018.
Brilliance Cayman serves as the investment manager of the Funds, but delegates its entire investment advisory function to Brilliance. All of the investors in the Funds are both: (i)"accredited investors" for the purpose of the Securities Act of 1933 ("Securities Act"); and (ii) "qualified eligible persons" for the purpose of the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 ("CEA"); ("Eligible Investors"). Investment advisory services provided by Brilliance in its capacity as investment adviser to Brilliance Cayman include advisory services regarding instruments to be held by the Funds and such other managed accounts such as futures contracts and options on futures contracts, structured notes, inverse floating rate securities, currency linked securities, index linked securities, currency forwards, pre-paid forwards, swaps, interest only or principal only securities, and foreign currencies, on both spot and forward exchange markets.
The Funds - Investment Strategy
The Funds strictly follows a "value oriented" strategy and considers itself as "fundamental value" investor. The Funds invests in the long term fundamental economics of industry. The Funds may invest among a broad range of asset classes including equity and debt securities, money market instruments, and derivatives, in all global markets. The Funds may, from time to time, hold a relatively “concentrated” securities portfolio with higher conviction. Leverage may be used when necessary with constant hedging and fluctuation assessment. For the Funds, Brilliance does not tailor its advisory services to the specific needs of investors in the Funds. Investors in the Funds may not impose restrictions on investing in certain securities or types of securities.
Managed Accounts
Brilliance also serves as investment adviser to Brilliance Cayman with respect to managed accounts established for certain Eligible Investors. Currently, there are four management accounts. Two of which generally follows investment strategies identical to the Funds. The other two management account applies long only investment strategies identical to the Funds with certain restrictions. For such managed accounts, Brilliance does not tailor its advisory services to the specific needs of the investors in such managed accounts.
Assets under management
As of 30 August 2019, the adviser has US$2.56 billion in assets under management on a discretionary basis.
Wrap Fee Programs
Brilliance currently does not participate in wrap fee programs. please register to get more info
Brilliance is compensated for the investment advisory services provided to Brilliance Cayman according to the fee arrangement between Brilliance and Brilliance Cayman, which are, in turn, dependent on the fee arrangements agreed between Brilliance Cayman and the Funds. In addition, the Funds pay a performance fee, payable to Brilliance Cayman in respect of each partnership interest of the relevant class and series of partnership interests in the Funds.
The advisory arrangement between Brilliance and Brilliance Cayman is terminable in accordance with the termination provisions outlined in the relevant investment advisory agreement. The advisory arrangement between Brilliance Cayman and the Funds are terminable in accordance with the termination provisions outlined in the relevant investment management agreement. If a contract is terminated, all fees are subject to pro-rata adjustment based upon the date of termination.
Management Fee
Brilliance (through Brilliance Cayman) charges fees as a percentage of assets under management (a management fee). The management fee charged by the Funds is based upon a percentage of assets under management as shown below:
Fund Nominal Management Fee Brilliant Partners Fund LP Class E - 2.25% Class F - 1.5% China Core Fund Class C - 1.75% Class D - 1.25% Brilliance China Core Long Short Fund Class A - 1.5% Class B - 2% Class C – 1.5%
A lower management fee may be applied for classes of interests imposing a higher initial investment amount.
The management fee paid by the Funds to Brilliance Cayman is calculated on a monthly basis and payable monthly in arrears as soon as practicable after the end of each calendar month. The management fee is debited from the value of the Funds and applied pro-rata across all investors in the Funds.
Performance Fee
In addition, the Funds’ investors may pay a performance fee. Such performance fee is paid to Brilliance Cayman in respect of each partnership interest of the relevant class and series in the Funds. For each calculation period, the performance fee in respect of each partnership interest is equal to the performance fee percentage of the realized and unrealized appreciation in the net asset value per partnership interest during the applicable calculation period above the base net asset value per partnership interest/ participating shares or benchmark performance (the MSCI China Index (i.e., For Brilliant Partners Fund, the performance fee is calculated at the greater of the net asset value per partnership interest at the time of issue of that partnership interest and the highest net asset value per partnership interest in respect of which a performance fee is payable as at the end of any previous calculation period (if any) during which such partnership interest was in issue). The performance fee percentage will vary depending on the class of the partnership interests but is expected to be not more than 20% (although the Funds may establish a class of interests with a higher performance fee applicable). For the Brilliance China Core Long Short Fund, Brilliance may also be entitled to 20% of the performance above the highest previous net asset value per share. Performance fees payable shall be calculated and accrued daily and shall be payable in arrears following the end of each Performance Period. The calculation of any performance fee must be verified by the Custodian. Brilliance Cayman may, in its sole discretion, waive, rebate or decrease the Management Fee that is payable in whole or in part, in respect of each, or any one or more Class and/or Series, or for certain Shareholders within each Class and/or Series at any time including in particular during any wind down of the Fund's business. Any such rebates may be applied in paying up additional Participating Shares to be issued to such person or as otherwise decided by the Manager at its sole discretion.
General
Brilliance (directly or through Brilliance Cayman) reserves the right to negotiate fees with respect to certain managed accounts. Some managed accounts are expected to pay more or less than others depending on certain factors such as the type and size of the account. The negotiated fee is specified in the agreement between Brilliance and Brilliance Cayman, and subject to the agreement between Brilliance Cayman and the relevant managed account. Brilliance bills its clients (i.e. Brilliance Cayman, the ICAV) for fees incurred with respect to the management services provided by Brilliance. Brilliance bills management fees on a monthly basis. Performance fees, if earned, are billed on an annual basis for Brilliance Cayman and on a quarterly basis for the ICAV
Other Fees and Expenses
Each of the Onshore Fund and the Offshore Fund will bear the costs incurred by the Onshore Fund and the Offshore Fund, respectively (and a pro rata portion of any costs attributable to the Onshore Fund or the Offshore Fund, as applicable, from the Master Fund) of the following:
The Fund will bear the costs incurred by the Fund of the following (and a pro-rata portion of costs attributable to the Fund from the Master Fund): (i) the costs and expenses of all transactions carried out by the Master Fund or on its behalf; (ii) the charges and expenses of the legal advisers, the Administrator and Auditor; (iii) brokers’ commissions (if any), borrowing charges on securities sold short and any issue or transfer taxes or stamp duties chargeable in connection with any securities transactions; (iv) all taxes and corporate fees payable to governments or agencies; (v) Directors’ fees and expenses (including the fees for registration with the Authority); (vi) interest on borrowings, including borrowings from the Prime Brokers; (vii) communication expenses with respect to investor services including periodic investor meetings and all expenses of meetings of Shareholders and of preparing, printing and distributing financial and other reports, proxy forms, prospectuses and similar documents; (viii) the cost of insurance (if any) for the benefit of the Directors; (ix) litigation and indemnification expenses and extraordinary expenses not incurred in the ordinary course of business; (x) costs incurred with respect to investor identification; (xi) AEOI compliance costs; and (xii) all other Fund organisational and operating expenses and/or Master Fund organisational and operating expenses attributable to the Fund. please register to get more info
Pursuant to the management agreement between: (i) Brilliance Cayman / Brilliance; and (ii) the Funds established from time to time; Brilliance Cayman / Brilliance charges a management fee. In addition, Brilliance / Brilliance Cayman may charge to the Funds a performance fee, which represents a performance-based payment charged against the Funds and is paid to Brilliance Cayman.
The performance fee is a performance-based fee generated in accordance with the relevant offering document for the Funds. The calculation of the performance fee is described in Item 5.
The performance fee is paid to Brilliance Cayman /Brilliance in accordance with the management agreement entered into with respect to the Funds.
The payment of a performance-based fee creates conflicts of interest. Performance-based fees paid to investment advisers may be significantly higher than the asset based fees paid on traditional managed accounts, thus creating an incentive to favour these accounts.
The management of the Funds (which may have different fee arrangements (“side-by-side” management) may give rise to potential conflicts of interest between such accounts. Investment funds, for example, generally pay management fees based on a fixed percentage of assets under management while separate accounts and private funds may have more varied fee structures potentially including performance-based fees. Brilliance may have a material incentive to favour certain more lucrative accounts over those that may be less lucrative.
In addition, the payment of a performance-based fee may create an incentive to make investments that are riskier or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of a performance- based fee. To mitigate the effect of such conflict, Brilliance will monitor for conflicts by implementing best execution trading procedures and reviewing account allocation and performance. In addition, Brilliance will adopt policies and procedures to ensure that investment decisions are made based in the best interests of the relevant fund / managed account and without consideration of the financial interests of Brilliance. Brilliance has adopted a detailed policy dealing with conflicts of interest (including conflicts of interest between clients). please register to get more info
Clients
Brilliance will offer investment advice to Brilliance Cayman, for use with respect the Funds. In addition, Brilliance will offer investment advice to Brilliance Cayman, for use with respect to each managed account established from time to time. The prospective investors in each of the Funds include a variety of institutional clients including high-net worth individuals, corporate plans, foundations and endowments, trusts, estates, non- profit organizations, public plans, governments, private investors, multi-employer plans, financial institutions, intermediaries, sub-advised funds and pooled investment vehicles, including both affiliated and unaffiliated US and non-US registered funds and US and non-US unregistered funds, among others.
All prospective investors in each of the Funds must be Eligible Investors.
The arrangements between Brilliance Cayman and the Funds are discretionary, and Brilliance (acting through Brilliance Cayman) selects the investments and initiates trades on behalf of the Funds, without prior consultation of underlying investors.
The minimum investment size varies from US$10,000 to US$500,000 for external investors participating in the Funds. Minimum initial investment size for managed accounts are negotiated separately.
Privacy Policy
Brilliance recognizes and respects the privacy concerns of its customers. The business of Brilliance, its clients and investors is strictly confidential.
Brilliance is strongly committed to protecting the privacy of client information and will not disclose any non-public personal information about our customers or former customers to anyone, except as permitted by law or by the relevant market regulator.
Information acquired by an employee while carrying out his or her responsibilities must not be used for any purpose other than the proper performance of their duties and must not be disclosed to outside persons or companies. Information may be given to other departments within Brilliance only where permitted under the client agreement, applicable regulation or is necessary for the operation of the business. This obligation continues to apply to employees after they have left Brilliance. Confidential waste must be destroyed in accordance with local archiving policies. Brilliance maintains physical, electronic and procedural safeguards that comply with the requirements of the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission ("SFC") in order to protect all non-public personal information. Brilliance has also adopted privacy policies and procedures that are designed to prevent the unauthorized disclosure and use of client non-public personal information. Brilliance has adopted a detailed confidentiality policy as part of its internal compliance manual, consistent with industry best practices. please register to get more info
Material Risks
A. Risks associated with management
Risk Management
Brilliance Cayman intends to apply a risk management approach that it believes is appropriate for the Funds. The application of any risk management approach involves numerous judgments and qualitative assessments. No risk management system is fail-safe, and no assurance can be given that the Funds’ risk control framework will achieve its objectives. From time to time, without notice to the investors in the Funds, Brilliance Cayman may modify or change the Funds’ risk management system and procedures.
Reliance on Brilliance Cayman, Brilliance and key persons
Although the directors of the general partner of the Funds (the "General Partner") have the ultimate authority and responsibility for the management of the Funds, the decisions relating to the investment of the Funds’ assets have been delegated to Brilliance Cayman. Brilliance Cayman separately delegated investment advisory services to Brilliance under an investment advisory agreement. The Funds' expertise in trading is therefore largely dependent on the continuation of an agreement with Brilliance Cayman (and the underlying relationship with Brilliance) and the services and skills of its officers and employees.
The loss of Brilliance / Brilliance Cayman's services (or that of one of its key personnel) or any key persons could materially and negatively impact the value of the Funds as it may lead to the loss of the use of any proprietary investment methodology developed by Brilliance / Brilliance Cayman or any key persons. Limited Partners will have no right or power to take part in the management of the Funds.
Furthermore, in the event that Brilliance / Brilliance Cayman were to commit a fraud, were to be grossly negligent, exercise poor judgment or were to intentionally or inadvertently deviate from the investment strategy or investment restrictions, the Funds may suffer losses and its performance could be adversely and materially affected.
Performance Fees
The Performance Fee payable to the Brilliance Cayman may create an incentive for the Brilliance Cayman to make investments that are riskier or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of a Performance Fee. Prospective investors in the Funds (and in other managed accounts) should note that the Management Fee and Performance Fee payable (if any) to Brilliance Cayman is based in part upon unrealised gains (as well as unrealised losses), and that such unrealized gains and losses may never be realised by the Funds.
Related Parties
The amended and restated exempted limited partnership agreement of the Funds, the applicable investment management agreement, and the Funds’ investment strategy and investment restrictions were not drafted based on arm’s length negotiations, but instead were drafted by affiliates or service providers of the Funds. Because these arrangements were negotiated between related parties, their terms, including terms relating to compensation, contractual duties, conflicts of interest and Brilliance Cayman’s ability to engage in outside activities, including activities that compete with the Funds (and the investors in the Funds), and limitations on liability and indemnification, may be less favorable than otherwise might have resulted if the negotiations had involved unrelated parties. Under the terms of the relevant offering document, persons who acquire partnership interests and their transferees are deemed to have agreed to all of the terms of all agreements and arrangements with Brilliance Cayman / Brilliance.
B. General Market Risks Market Risk
Any investment made in a specific group of securities is exposed to the universal risks of the securities market. However, there can be no guarantee that losses equivalent to or greater than the overall market will not be incurred as a result of investing in such securities.
Markets generally, or any particular market or segment of a market in which the Funds has invested, could move against the Funds’ portfolio and the Funds could suffer losses. The performance of the Funds’ portfolio depends to a great extent on the accuracy of the assessments of Brilliance Cayman on the future course of market price movements. There can be no assurance that Brilliance Cayman will be able to predict accurately these price movements.
Economic Conditions
Changes in economic conditions, including, for example, interest rates, inflation rates, employment conditions, competition, technological developments, political and diplomatic events and trends, and tax laws can affect substantially and adversely the business and prospects of the Funds. None of these conditions is within the control of Brilliance Cayman/Brilliance and no assurances can be given that Brilliance Cayman/Brilliance will anticipate these developments.
Liquidity
Under certain conditions liquidity of a particular market or security may be restricted, thus affecting the performance of the Funds. Lack of liquidity or market depth can affect the valuation of the Funds' assets as it looks to realize securities at quoted prices. In some cases, the Funds may be contractually prohibited from disposing of such assets or interests for a specified period of time. Reduced liquidity may also make it difficult to purchase specific securities at a favourable or desirable price or in a sufficient quantity to meet the investment objectives of the Funds. In addition, in the case of substantial withdrawals, the Funds may be forced to sell its more liquid positions at a disadvantageous time, resulting in a greater percentage of the portfolio consisting of illiquid securities and assets for the continuing limited partners.
Exchange Rate Fluctuations
Partnership interests will be issued and withdrawn in US$ and withdrawal payments of partnership interests will also be made in US$. It may not be possible, or practicable to hedge successfully against currency risk exposure in all circumstances. Further, exchange rate fluctuations and the costs of the currency hedging arrangements utilized may prejudicially affect the net asset value per partnership interest of such classes even where investment performance in respect of those classes are positive.
The Funds' underlying investments may be invested in securities and other investments denominated in currencies other than US$. The value of such investments may be affected favourably or unfavourably by fluctuations in exchange currencies. Transactions undertaken to hedge adverse currency exchange movements may also involve the risk that a counterparty to any transaction may default on its obligation thereunder. While the Funds will endeavour only to enter into transactions with counterparties who are reputable financial institutions, there is still a risk that a counterparty may default on its obligations.
In addition, prospective investors whose assets and liabilities are primarily denominated in currencies other than the US$ should take into account the potential risk of loss arising from fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the US$ and such other currencies.
Stock market and issuer volatility
Markets are volatile and can decline significantly in response to adverse issuer-specific, political, regulatory, market or economic developments. While Brilliance Cayman and Brilliance may seek to take advantage of such volatility, such volatility may also adversely affect the Funds' performance.
The Funds will purchase securities of specific issuers. The value of an individual security or particular type of security can be more volatile than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the value of the market as a whole.
Price movements can occur as a result of multiple unpredictable factors such as market sentiment, economic and political conditions. Volatility can cause historical or theoretical pricing relationships to be disrupted, causing otherwise comparatively low risk positions to incur losses. Lack of volatility can also result in losses for certain positions that profit from price changes.
Investments in Asia generally
The Funds' investment objective and investment strategy will be biased towards the Asian market. Many of the laws that govern foreign investment, equity securities transactions and other contractual relationships in certain developing countries in which the Funds will invest are new and largely untested. As a result, the Funds may be subject to a number of unusual risks, including inadequate investor protection, contradictory legislation, incomplete, unclear and changing laws, ignorance or breaches of regulations on the part of other market participants, lack of established or effective avenues for legal redress, lack of standard practices and confidentiality customs characteristic of developed markets and lack of enforcement of existing regulations. Furthermore, it may be difficult to obtain and enforce a judgment in certain countries in which assets of the Funds are invested. There can be no assurance that this difficulty in protecting and enforcing rights will not have a material adverse effect on the Funds and its operations. In addition, the income and gains of the Funds may be subject to withholding taxes imposed by foreign governments for which limited partners may not receive a full foreign tax credit.
Repatriation
Repatriation of investment income, capital and the proceeds from sales of securities by investors such as the Funds may require governmental registration and approval in some jurisdictions in which the Funds invests. The Funds could be adversely and materially affected by delays in or a refusal to grant required governmental registration or approval for any such proposed repatriation.
Market dislocation
The global financial crisis and the more recent Eurozone crisis have caused significant dislocations, illiquidity and volatility in the structured credit, leveraged loan and high-yield bond markets, as well as in the wider global financial markets and the general economy.
The economic downturn resulting from the crisis could continue to adversely affect the financial resources of companies in which the Funds invests and result in the inability of such companies to make principal and interest payments on, or refinance, outstanding debt when due, or to pay dividend or make other distributions in relation to equity investments. In the event of such defaults, the Funds may suffer a partial or total loss of capital invested in such companies, which would, in turn, have an adverse effect on the Funds' returns. Such events may also restrict the ability of the Funds to sell or liquidate investments at favourable times or for favourable prices. There can be no certainty as to the duration of the current market dislocation.
Settlement and Liquidity Risks
In certain countries in Asia in which the Funds intends to invest, there may be limited organized public trading markets for securities with little liquidity or transparency, resulting in relatively slow and cumbersome execution of transactions.
In particular, there may be no approved settlement procedure and trades may be settled by a free delivery of stock with payment of cash in an uncollateralized manner. This may give rise to a credit risk in relation to the counterparty. In general, there may be an increased risk of default and delay in settlement in such countries compared to the markets in more developed economies. As a result, the Funds may experience difficulty in realizing all entitlements attaching to the positions in which the Funds has invested. No liquid secondary markets may exist for some of the instruments in which the Funds invests. Reduced secondary market liquidity may have an adverse effect on market price and the Funds’ ability to dispose of particular instruments when necessary to meet its liquidity requirements or in response to specific economic events such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. Reduced secondary market liquidity for certain instruments may also make it more difficult for the Funds to obtain accurate market quotations for the purpose of valuing its portfolio and calculating its net asset value. Market quotations are generally available on many instruments in which the Funds invests only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent the firm bids of those dealers or the prices for actual sales.
Less Information and Regulation
The Funds may invest in the instruments in various jurisdictions, including emerging market jurisdictions which may have corporate governance and financial reporting standards that are relatively less regulated, when compared to developed markets. Accordingly, the Funds may not be able to obtain as much as disclosure in terms of financial and corporate due diligence, as well as not being provided the same level of governance protections, as compared to the regimes of other developed markets.
Political Instability and Political Developments
The markets in the countries in which the Funds may invest have, in the past, experienced substantial price volatility which could have an adverse impact on the value of the investments. Periods of economic and political uncertainty may result in further volatility in the value of the investments. There can be no assurance that the investments will not be sold at prices below their acquisition costs.
Political Risks and Catastrophic Events
The instruments that the Funds invest in may be adversely affected by political developments and catastrophic and other force majeure events such as fire, civil disturbances, terrorist activities, acts of war and other similar events. Political and economic instability in any of the countries in which the Funds invests could adversely affect the Investments. The Funds does not intend to obtain political risk insurance. In addition, in certain markets, any economic reforms enacted that lead to a more open market and encourage foreign investment may be curtailed or stalled by political opposition. Political opposition could lead to restrictions on foreign investment, including limitations on investment returns, and such restrictions would have an adverse effect on the Investments.
The value of the Funds can also be influenced by political developments. For example, the price of an investment can be negatively affected by changes to laws and tax legislation, restrictions on foreign investments and restrictions on the freedom of exchange transactions in countries in which the investment invests.
General Economic Conditions
General economic conditions, including interest rates and the price and value of securities, may affect the value of the instruments that the Funds may invest in. The economies of the countries in which Investments are made may differ unfavorably from the economies of other regions with respect to the rate of growth of gross domestic product, the rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments. There can be no assurance that the economies of the countries in which Investments will experience stable economic growth, if any. Changes in international trade, including trade barriers, commodity prices, foreign aid, global securities markets and foreign investment levels may have material adverse effects on the Funds. Further, the previous global credit crisis has had a significant negative impact on the markets in the countries which Investments are made.
C. Risks associated with the Funds' Investment Strategy
Investment Strategy Implementation
The Funds have a very broad investment strategy and Brilliance Cayman has broad discretion when selecting, acquiring and disposing of investments, including in determining the types of investments that it deems appropriate, the investment approach that it follows when making investments and the timing of investments. While the General Partner will periodically review Brilliance Cayman’s compliance with the Funds’ investment strategy and investment restrictions, it will not review or approve individual investment decisions.
It may be difficult or impossible to identify investments that are not consistent with investment strategy. Even where Brilliance Cayman conforms to the investment strategy and investment restrictions, there is no guarantee that Brilliance Cayman will be successful in implementing The Funds’ investment strategy. Consequently, the Funds may not achieve its investment objective.
Leverage and Financing Risk
The Funds may leverage its capital because it is believed that the use of leverage may enable The Funds to achieve a higher rate of return. Accordingly, the Funds may pledge its securities in order to borrow additional funds for investment purposes. The Funds may also leverage its investment return with short sales and through the use of derivatives. The amount of borrowings which the Funds may have outstanding at any time may be substantial in relation to its capital. The risk of loss and the possibility of gains are therefore increased.
While leverage presents opportunities for increasing the Funds' total return, it has the effect of potentially increasing losses as well. Accordingly, any event which adversely affects the value of an investment by the Funds would be magnified to the extent the Funds are leveraged. The cumulative effect of the use of leverage by the Funds in a market that moves adversely to the Funds' investments could result in a substantial loss to the Funds which would be greater than if the Funds were not leveraged.
In general, the anticipated use of short-term margin borrowings results in certain additional risks to the Funds. For example, should the securities pledged to brokers to secure the Funds' margin accounts decline in value, The Funds could be subject to a "margin call," pursuant to which the Funds must either deposit additional funds or securities with the broker, or suffer mandatory liquidation of the pledged securities to compensate for the decline in value. In the event of a sudden drop in the value of the Funds' assets, the Funds might not be able to liquidate assets quickly enough to satisfy their margin requirements.
Limited Diversification
Brilliance Cayman intends to seek to diversify the Funds' investments as it deems appropriate and consistent with the Funds' investment objective. If the Funds' investment portfolio is concentrated in a small number of investments, the portfolio will be subject to a greater level of volatility. Also, the use of a single investment manager applying generally similar trading programs could mean lack of diversification and, consequentially, higher risk.
Speculative Nature of Certain Investments
Certain investments by the Funds may be regarded as speculative in nature and involve increased levels of investment risk. An inherent part of a strategy may be to identify securities which are undervalued (or, in the case of short positions, overvalued) by the marketplace. The success of such strategy necessarily depends upon the market eventually recognizing such value in the price of the securities, which may not necessarily occur. Equity positions, including IPOs, may involve highly speculative securities.
Margin Risk
When financial instruments are traded on a leveraged basis, the financial instrument can be purchased by depositing only a percentage of the instrument’s face value and borrowing the remainder (margin). As a result, a relatively small adverse price movement in a financial instrument’s value may result in immediate and substantial losses to the investor. Like other leveraged investments, any purchase or sale of a financial instrument on margin may result in losses in excess of the amount invested. The interest expense and other costs incurred in connection with such borrowing may not be recovered by appreciation in the investments purchased. In addition, the Funds may be subject to additional risks, including the possibility of a “margin call”, pursuant to which the Funds must either deposit additional funds with the broker or suffer mandatory liquidation of the pledged securities to compensate for the decline in value. In the event of a sudden, precipitous drop in the value of the Funds’ assets, the Funds might not be able to liquidate assets quickly enough to pay off its margin debt. Such an event would adversely affect the Funds’ investment.
Hedging Transactions
The Funds may employ certain hedging techniques, including the use of options and other derivatives, short selling, interest rate instruments and arbitrage positions, directed toward various risks, such as market and interest rate risks related to specific securities, or issuers. Hedging against a decline in the value of a portfolio position does not eliminate fluctuations in the value of portfolio positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline, but establishes other positions designed to gain from those same developments, thus, moderating the decline in the portfolio positions’ value. Such hedge transactions also limit the opportunity for gain should the value of the portfolio position increase. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in a hedging strategy and price movements in the portfolio position being hedged may vary. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, Brilliance Cayman may not seek or be able to establish sufficiently accurate correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged.
As a general matter, the Fund’s portfolio will be exposed to basic risks relating to the financial markets and interest rates, as well as issuer and event risk and other risks attendant to its investment strategy, which risks will not be hedged as a matter of course. Neither the Funds nor Brilliance Cayman is obligated, and will not attempt to hedge all market or other risks inherent in the Funds’ position.
Value Driven Investing
The Funds will seek to invest in undervalued securities. The identification of investment opportunities in undervalued securities is a difficult task, and there are no assurances that such opportunities will be successfully recognized or acquired. While investments in undervalued securities offer the opportunity for above-average capital appreciation, these investments involve a high degree of financial risk and can result in substantial losses. Returns generated from the Funds' investments may not adequately compensate for the business and financial risks assumed. In addition, the Funds may be required to hold such securities for a substantial period of time before realising their anticipated value. During this period, a portion of the Funds' capital would be committed to the securities purchased, thus possibly preventing he Funds from investing in other opportunities. In addition, the Funds may finance such purchases with borrowed funds and thus will have to pay interest on such funds during such waiting period.
Futures and Commodities
The trading of commodities and commodity interests (e.g., futures contracts on commodities, securities indices or currencies) is highly speculative and may entail risks that are greater than the risks associated with investing in securities. Prices of commodity interests are generally more volatile than prices of securities. Futures trading will have effects on the Funds’ portfolio similar to the effects of leverage. The Funds may participate in market price fluctuations of securities or commodity interests underlying futures (or options on futures), while investing only a small percentage of the value of those underlying securities or commodity interests. The Funds may open a futures position by placing with a futures commission merchant an initial margin that is small relative to the value of the futures contract, making the transaction "leveraged". If the market moves against the Funds’ position or margin levels are increased, the Funds may be called upon to pay substantial additional funds on short notice to maintain its position. If the Funds were to fail to make such payments, its position could be liquidated at a loss, and the Funds would be liable for any resulting deficit in its account.
Futures positions may be illiquid because, among other things, most commodity exchanges limit fluctuations in certain futures contract prices during a single day. Once the price of a contract for a particular future has increased or decreased by an amount equal to the “daily limit”, positions can be neither taken nor liquidated unless traders are willing to effect trades at or within the limit. Such an occurrence could prevent the Funds from liquidating unfavorable positions and subject it to substantial losses. In addition, Brilliant Partners Fund may not be able to effect futures contract trade at favorable prices if trading volumes in those contracts is low.
The Funds’ futures trading activities may involve futures and options traded in new or less- established markets. The risks of these activities may be greater than trading in futures on exchanges in more long-established markets.
Convertible Securities
The Funds may invest in convertible securities, which are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks, or other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for a specified amount of common stock of the same or different issuer within a particular period pursuant to a specified price or formula. The value of a convertible security is a function of the underlying stock price, the volatility of the stock, the stock dividend, stock borrow fee and credit spread of the underlying credit. Generally, the value of a convertible security will decrease when the underlying stock price decreases, or the volatility of the stock decreases, or the stock dividend payout increases, or the stock borrow fee increases, or the credit spread of the underlying credit widens. Brilliant Partners Fund also assumes the risk of losing its investment in the option premium of the convertible security. The value of the convertible security is also subject to fluctuations due to interest rate changes. Adverse corporate events could also affect the issuer of such securities to repay principal and pay interest and therefore, increase the risk of default of such securities.
Fixed Income Securities
The Funds may invest in fixed income securities including, without limitation, bonds, commercial paper and high yield securities. The Funds will be subject to credit liquidity and interest rate risk. In particular, high yield securities are generally below investment grade or unrated, and are regarded as being predominantly speculative as to the issuer’s ability to make payments of principal and interest. Investment in such securities involves substantial risk, as such securities are especially subject to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuations in response to changes in interest rates. Issuers of high yield debt may be highly leveraged or have enterprise risk that renders unavailable to them more traditional methods of financing. Therefore, the risks associated with acquiring the securities of such issuers generally are greater than is the case with issuers of higher quality. For example, during an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, issuers of high yield bonds may be more likely to experience financial stress, especially if such issuers are highly leveraged. During such periods, such issuers may not have sufficient revenues to meet their interest payment obligations. The issuer’s ability to service its debt obligations also may be adversely affected by specific issuer developments, or the issuer’s inability to meet specific projected business forecasts, or the unavailability of additional financing. The risk of loss due to default by the issuer is significantly greater for the holders of high yield securities because such securities may be unsecured and may be subordinated to the other creditors of the issuer. There can be no assurance that such events will not occur after the Funds purchase particular securities, in which case the Funds may experience losses and incur costs.
Adverse publicity and investor perceptions may also decrease the value and liquidity of securities with a low credit rating, especially in markets characterized by a low volume of trading.
Derivative Instruments
The Funds may utilise derivative instruments which seek to modify or replicate the investment performance of particular securities, commodities, currencies, interest rates, indices or markets on a leveraged or unleveraged basis. Other risks related to the use of derivative instruments include, but are not limited to:
• Tracking – When used for hedging purposes, an imperfect or variable degree of correlation between price movements of the derivative instrument and the underlying investment sought to be hedged may prevent the Funds from achieving the intended hedging effect or expose the Funds to the risk of loss.
• Liquidity – Derivative instruments, especially when traded in large amounts, may not be liquid in all circumstances, so that in volatile markets The Funds may not be able to close out a position without incurring a loss. In addition, daily limits on price fluctuations and speculative position limits on exchanges on which Fund may conduct its transactions in derivative instruments may prevent prompt liquidation of positions, subjecting the Funds to the potential of greater losses.
• Leverage – Trading in derivative instruments can result in large amounts of leverage. Thus, the leverage offered by trading in derivative instruments will magnify the gains and losses experienced by the Funds and could cause the net asset value of the Funds to be subject to wider fluctuations than would be the case if the Funds did not use the leverage feature in derivative instruments. Leverage increases the risk of loss.
• Over-the-Counter Trading – Derivative instruments that may be purchased or sold by the Funds may include instruments not traded on an exchange. The risk of non-performance by the obligor on such an instrument may be greater and the ease with which the Funds can dispose of or enter into closing transactions with respect to such an instrument may be less than in the case of an exchange traded instrument. In addition, significant disparities may exist between “bid” and “asked” prices for derivative instruments that are not traded on an exchange. Derivative instruments not traded on exchanges are also not subject to the same type of government regulation as exchange traded instruments, and many of the protections afforded to participants in a regulated environment may not be available in connection with such transactions.
Use of derivative instruments presents various risks. When used for hedging purposes, an imperfect or variable degree of correlation between price movements of the derivative instrument and the underlying investment sought to be hedged may prevent the Funds from achieving the intended hedging effect or expose the Funds to the risk of loss. Derivative instruments may not be liquid in all circumstances, so that in volatile markets the Funds may not be able to close out a position without incurring a loss. In addition, daily limits on price fluctuations and speculative position limits on exchanges on which the Funds may conduct its transactions in certain derivative instruments may prevent prompt liquidation of positions, subjecting the Funds to potential losses. The leverage offered by trading in derivative instruments may magnify the gains and losses experienced by the Funds and could cause the Funds’ net asset value to be subject to wider fluctuations than would be the case if the Funds did not use the leverage feature in derivative instruments. These instruments may not be traded on an exchange.
Over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives, unlike exchanged-listed securities, are two-party contracts with price and other terms negotiated by the buyer and seller. The risk of non- performance by the obligor on such an instrument may be greater and the ease with which the Funds can dispose of or enter into closing transactions with respect to such an instrument may be less than in the case of an exchange-listed security. Derivatives also do not entitle the holder to the beneficial interest in the security underlying such instrument or to make any claim against the underlying security issuer. In addition, significant disparities may exist between “bid” and “ask” prices for derivative instruments that are not traded on an exchange. Derivative instruments not traded on exchanges are also not subject to the same type of government regulation as exchange traded instruments, and many of the protections afforded to participants in a regulated environment may not be available in connection with such transactions.
Nature of Investments
Brilliance Cayman has broad discretion in making investments for the Funds. Investments may be affected by, among other things, business, financial market or legal uncertainties. There can be no assurance that Brilliance Cayman will correctly evaluate the nature and magnitude of the various factors that could affect the value of and return on investments. Prices of investments may be volatile, and a variety of factors that are inherently difficult to predict, such as domestic or international economic and political developments, may significantly affect the results of the Funds' activities and the value of its investments. No guarantee or representation is made that the Funds’ investment objective will be achieved.
Long and Short Fundamental Investments
The identification of investment opportunities in undervalued and overvalued instruments is a difficult task, and there are no assurances that such opportunities will be successfully recognized or executed. While investments in undervalued and overvalued instruments offer the opportunities for high or above average capital appreciation, these investments involve a high degree of financial risk and can result in substantial losses.
Convergence Risk
The Funds may pursue relative value strategies by taking long positions in instruments believed to be undervalued and short positions in instruments believed to be overvalued. In the event that the perceived mis-pricings underlying the Funds' trading positions were to fail to converge toward, or were to diverge further from, Brilliance's expectations, the Funds may incur a loss.
Illiquid Investments
The Funds may invest in securities which are subject to legal or other restrictions on transfer or for which no liquid market exists. The market prices, if any, for such securities tend to be volatile and may not be readily ascertainable and the Funds may not be able to sell them when they desire to do so or to realize what they perceive to be their fair value in the event of a sale. The sale of restricted and illiquid securities often requires more time and results in higher brokerage charges or dealer discounts and other selling expenses than does the sale of securities eligible for trading on national securities exchanges or in the over-the- counter markets. Restricted securities may sell at a price lower than similar securities that are not subject to restrictions on resale.
For any such investments, held by the Funds, the net asset value of partnership interests, and the amounts paid on redemption, may be based on the fair value of such investments and/or the ultimate proceeds upon realisation. Such investments could eventually be realized at significantly lower values or could be rendered valueless. In that event the withdrawing limited partners will have received redemption proceeds from the Funds' other assets and non- withdrawing limited partners will bear the loss of such assets, as well as the loss in value of any illiquid investments.
Uncertain Exit Strategies
Due to the illiquid nature of certain positions which the Funds may acquire, Brilliance is unable to predict with confidence what the exit strategy will ultimately be for certain positions, or that one will ultimately be available. Exit strategies which appear to be viable when an investment is initiated may be precluded by the time the investment is ready to be realized due to economic, legal, political or other factors.
Forward Trading
Forward contracts and options thereon, unlike futures contracts, are not traded on exchanges and are not standardized; rather banks and dealers act as principals in these markets, negotiating each transaction on an individual basis. Forward and "cash" trading is substantially unregulated; there is no limitation on daily price movements and speculative position limits are not applicable. The principals who deal in the forward markets are not required to continue to make markets in the currencies or commodities they trade and these markets can experience periods of illiquidity, sometimes of significant duration. There have been periods during which certain participants in these markets have refused to quote prices for certain currencies or commodities or have quoted prices with an unusually wide spread between the price at which they were prepared to buy and that at which they were prepared to sell. Disruptions can occur in any market traded by the Funds due to unusually high trading volume, political intervention or other factors. The imposition of controls by governmental authorities might also limit such forward (and futures) trading to less than that which Brilliance Cayman would otherwise recommend, to the possible detriment of the Funds. Market illiquidity or disruption could result in major losses to the Funds.
Contingent Liabilities
The Funds may from time to time incur contingent liabilities in connection with an investment. For example, Brilliance Cayman may cause the Funds to purchase from a lender a revolving credit facility that has not yet been fully drawn. If the borrower subsequently draws down on the facility, the Funds would be obligated to fund the amounts due. The Funds may also enter into agreements pursuant to which it agrees to assume responsibility for default risk presented by a third party, and may, on the other hand, enter into agreements through which third parties offer default protection to the Funds.
Portfolio Turnover
Brilliance Cayman’s trading decisions may be made on the basis of short-term market considerations. The portfolio turnover rate could be substantial, potentially involving substantial brokerage commissions and fees. Increased portfolio turnover may not result in higher returns, but would result in higher costs.
Gains and Losses
The Funds intends to make investments that will create long-term value. However, investments that the Funds makes may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline substantially in value. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Funds’ investments will generate gains or income or that any gains or income that may be generated will be sufficient to offset any losses that may be sustained. Prospective investors should also note that the Management Fee payable to Brilliance Cayman and the Performance Fee payable to the limited partners are based in part upon unrealised gains and that such unrealized gains may never be realised by the Funds.
Short Selling
Short selling involves selling securities which are not owned and borrowing them for delivery to the purchaser, with an obligation to replace the borrowed securities at a later date. Short selling allows the investor to profit from declines in market prices to the extent such decline exceeds the transaction costs and the costs of borrowing the securities, and can also involve borrowing and other costs which can reduce profits or create losses in particular positions. The extent to which the Funds engages in short sales depends upon Brilliance Cayman's investment strategy and opportunities. A short sale creates the risk of a theoretically unlimited loss, in that the price of the underlying security could theoretically increase without limit, thus increasing the cost to the Funds of buying those securities to cover the short position. There can be no assurance that the Funds will be able to maintain the ability to borrow securities sold short. In such cases, the Funds can be "bought in" (i.e., forced to repurchase securities in the open market to return to the lender). There also can be no assurance that the securities necessary to cover a short position will be available for purchase at or near prices quoted in the market. Purchasing securities to close out the short position can itself cause the price of the securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating the loss.
Necessity for Counterparty Trading Relationships: Counterparty Risk
The Funds has established relationships to obtain financing, derivative exposure and prime brokerage services that permit the Funds to trade in a variety of markets or asset classes; however, there can be no assurance that the Funds will be able to maintain such relationships or establish additional relationships. An inability to establish or maintain such relationships would limit the Funds' trading activities and could create losses, preclude the Funds from engaging in certain transactions, financing, derivative intermediation and prime brokerage services and prevent the Funds from trading at optimal rates and terms. Moreover, a disruption in the financing, derivative intermediation and prime brokerage services provided by any such relationships before the Funds establishes additional relationships could have a significant impact on the Funds' business due to the Funds' reliance on such counterparties.
Some of the markets in which the Funds may effect transactions are not "exchange-based," including "over-the-counter" or "interdealer" markets. The participants in such markets are typically not subject to the credit evaluation and regulatory oversight to which members of "exchange-based" markets are subject. The lack of evaluation and oversight of over-the-counter markets exposes the Funds to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with its terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract (whether or not bona fide) or because of a credit or liquidity problem, thus causing the Funds to suffer a loss. Such "counterparty risk" is accentuated for contracts with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement, or where the Funds has concentrated its transactions with a single or small group of counterparties. Generally, the Funds will not be restricted from dealing with any particular counterparties. Brilliance Cayman's evaluation of the creditworthiness of the Funds' counterparties may not prove sufficient. The lack of a complete and "foolproof" evaluation of the financial capabilities of the Funds' counterparties and the absence of a regulated market to facilitate settlement may increase the potential for losses by the Funds.
Counterparty Default
The stability and liquidity of financing agreements, swap transactions, forward transactions and other over-the-counter derivative transactions depend in large part on the creditworthiness of the parties to the transaction. The Funds monitor on an on-going basis the creditworthiness of firms with which they have such arrangements. If there is a default by the counterparty to such a transaction, the Funds will under most normal circumstances have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction. However, exercising such contractual rights may involve delays or costs which could result in the net asset value of the Funds being less than if the Funds had not entered into the transaction. Furthermore, there is a risk that any of such counterparties could become insolvent and/or the subject of insolvency proceedings. If one or more of the Funds' counterparties were to become insolvent or the subject of insolvency proceedings in the United States (either under the Securities Investor Protection Act or the United States Bankruptcy Code), there exists the risk that the recovery of the Funds' securities and other assets from such prime broker or broker-dealer will be delayed or be of a value less than the value of the securities or assets originally entrusted to such prime broker or broker-dealer.
In addition, the Funds may use counterparties located in jurisdictions outside the United States. Such local counterparties are subject to laws and regulations in non-U.S. jurisdictions that are designed to protect their customers in the event of their insolvency. However, the practical effect of these laws and their application to the Funds' assets are subject to substantial limitations and uncertainties. Because of the large number of entities and jurisdictions involved and the range of possible factual scenarios involving the insolvency of a counterparty, it is impossible to generalize about the effect of their insolvency on the Funds and its assets. Investors should assume that the insolvency of any counterparty would result in a loss to the Funds, which could be material.
Sovereign Risks
Governmental interference with international currency transactions, interest rates and/or with sovereign or other debt obligations through various means, including, regulation of the local exchange market, restrictions on foreign investment by residents, changes to banking and insurance laws, limits on flows of investment funds from abroad, debt moratoria, curtailment of contract rights, expropriation, confiscatory taxation, renunciation of foreign debt or nationalization of assets may expose the Funds to unanticipated losses.
Fundamental and Technical Analysis
Fundamental research and analysis is subject to the risk that technical or other factors may dominate the market during certain periods. Technical model is subject to the risk that unexpected fundamental or other factors may dominate the market during certain periods. The influx of different market participants, structural changes in the markets, the introduction of new financial products and other developments could materially and adversely affect the profitability of investments made based upon technical analysis.
Trade Execution Risk
Investment strategy may require the rapid and efficient execution of transactions. Inefficient execution can negatively impact, possibly materially, the profitability of positions.
Reliance on Corporate Management and Financial Reporting
The investment strategies implemented by the Funds may rely on the financial information made available by issuers in which the Funds invests and such issuers’ trustees or managers.
Brilliance Cayman has no ability to independently verify the financial information disseminated by these third parties and is dependent upon the integrity of both the management of these third parties and the financial reporting process in general. Recent events have demonstrated the material losses that investors can incur as a result of corporate mismanagement, fraud and accounting irregularities.
Disparity between Quoted and Actionable Values
The prices quoted by dealers for certain Investments for some purposes may differ materially from the prices at which such dealers are willing to execute transactions in such Investments. This disparity can result in unexpected losses when such investments are bought or sold at prices that differ from those quoted by dealers.
D. Risks specific to some securities or instruments
OTC Derivatives
The Funds may enter into various OTC transactions. Such transactions may include individually negotiated, non-standardized agreements between two parties.
OTC derivatives are not traded on exchanges; rather, banks and dealers act as principals in these markets. As a result, the Funds will be subject to the risk of the inability or refusal to perform with respect to such contracts on the part of any counterparties with which the Funds trade. OTC derivatives markets are generally not regulated by any governmental authority and are not guaranteed by an exchange or clearing house. Participants in OTC markets are not required to make continuous markets in the contracts they trade. Accordingly, OTC derivatives may not have continuously liquid markets. There can be no assurance that the Funds will be able to liquidate an OTC derivative at a favorable price, or, where relevant, at any time prior to its expiration.
In addition, if a counterparty to an OTC transaction becomes insolvent, the Funds may be unable to liquidate an OTC instrument. In addition, a failure by a dealer to take delivery of the underlying securities in connection with an OTC derivative transaction (for example, an option) would result in the loss of the premium paid by the Funds as well as the loss of the expected benefit of the transaction.
Equity Securities Generally
The Funds may invest in equity securities and equity derivatives. Numerous inter- related and difficult-to-quantify economic factors, as well as market sentiment, and subjective and extraneous political, climate-related and terrorist factors, influence the prices of equities. There can be no assurance that Brilliance Cayman will be able to predict future price levels correctly.
E. Legal, Tax and Regulatory Risks
Regulations
With the exception of registration under the Cayman Islands Mutual Funds Law, the Funds are not currently registered pursuant to any other applicable law, rule or regulation including the United States Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "Company Act"). Consequently, limited partners will not benefit from certain of the protections afforded by such other laws or regulations.
If the General Partner determines that it is in the best interests of the Funds to become registered pursuant to any other applicable law, rule or regulation (including the Company Act) then the Funds shall take all necessary steps in order to achieve such registration.
Legal, tax and regulatory changes in various jurisdictions could occur during the lifetime of the Funds, Brilliance Cayman and/or Brilliance, which may adversely affect it. Should any of those laws change over the term of The Funds, Brilliance Cayman and/or Brilliance, the legal requirements to which the Funds may be subject could differ materially from the current requirements. The Funds may be subject to tax in jurisdictions outside of the Cayman Islands in respect of investments made in those jurisdictions.
Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives and structured products
The international regulatory landscape for OTC derivatives and structured products is currently undergoing significant changes, in particular in relation to the requirements for clearing OTC transactions with central counterparties, trade reporting, the use of collateral and enhanced capital prudential and market conduct rules. New legislation relating to OTC derivatives has already been introduced in the U.S. in 2010 (in the form of the U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act) and legislation has been published in the European Union, with further domestic legislation expected to be implemented during 2014. Over the next few years, it is expected that the trend for further regulation of the OTC derivatives market to continue in the US, the European Union and many other jurisdictions in Asia and around the world, particularly in jurisdictions of those members of the G20 (including China, India, Indonesia, Japan and South Korea). Investors in the Funds should be aware that increased regulation of the OTC derivatives and structured products market could have substantial and adverse consequences for the Funds and its investors.
Tax
Although it is the intention of the General Partner to conduct the affairs of the Funds as far as possible in such a manner as to mitigate the risk of the Funds being considered to be carrying on a trade or business in Hong Kong, the United States or any other jurisdiction, no assurance can be given that profits from the disposal or holding of investments will not give rise to a liability for profits tax, corporate tax or other similar tax in Hong Kong, the United States or other jurisdictions. If the Funds are regarded as carrying on a trade or business in Hong Kong, for example, either on its own account or through another person carrying on business in Hong Kong on its behalf (e.g. Brilliance Cayman) or the Funds, as the case may be will be liable to Hong Kong Profits Tax on its Hong Kong source profits that are not profits of a capital nature at the prevailing tax rate of 16.5%. The Funds could also be subject to similar profits taxes in the United States or other jurisdictions if it is deemed to be carrying on a trade or business in such other jurisdictions, or if it is deemed that under the legal regimes of such jurisdictions there is a nexus of events or circumstances that exposes the Funds to such taxes. In the event the Funds is required to pay profits, corporate or other taxes, the performance of the Funds would be negatively impacted and the value of the partnership interests would decline. Although the General Partner and Brilliance intend to operate the Funds in such a way as to mitigate such tax risks, and do not intend to pay such taxes, the Funds could nevertheless become subject to such taxes as a result of an audit or other legal measures by a taxing authority, in which event the Funds could be subject to substantial penalties and interest, which could further adversely impact the net asset value of the Funds.
Exempt Offering
The Funds offers partnership interests on a continuing basis without registration under any securities laws, except as disclosed in its offering document.
While the Funds intends to rely on exemptions from such registration requirements that The Funds and Brilliance believe are available in certain jurisdictions, there can be no assurance that factors such as the scope of disclosure, the manner in which such offers and sales are made, or changes in applicable law and regulation will not make such exemptions unavailable.
A violation of securities registration requirements could result in the rescission of investors’ purchases of partnership interests at prices higher than the current value, which potentially may affect the Funds' performance and business in a materially adverse manner.
Regulatory Approvals
The Funds may be restricted in its investments in various countries as a foreign company and may require the approval of various regulatory bodies.
There is no guarantee that the policies of relevant regulatory authorities towards investment by foreign companies will remain unchanged.
Any adverse changes in such policies may have a significant impact on the Funds’ ability to invest, or to dispose of Investments, in countries in which such restrictions or policies exist.
Market Disruptions; Governmental Intervention; Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act
The global financial markets have in the past few years gone through pervasive and fundamental disruptions that have led to extensive and unprecedented governmental intervention. Such intervention has in certain cases been implemented on an “emergency” basis, suddenly and substantially eliminating market participants’ ability to continue to implement certain strategies or manage the risk of their outstanding positions. In addition, as one would expect given the complexities of the financial markets and the limited time frame within which governments have felt compelled to take action, these interventions have typically been unclear in scope and application, resulting in confusion and uncertainty which in itself has been materially detrimental to the efficient functioning of the markets as well as previously successful investment strategies. The Funds may incur major losses in the event of disrupted markets and other extraordinary events in which historical pricing relationships become materially distorted. The risk of loss from pricing distortions is compounded by the fact that in disrupted markets many positions become illiquid, making it difficult or impossible to close out positions against which the markets are moving.
The financing available to the Funds from its dealers and other counterparties is typically reduced in disrupted markets. Such a reduction may result in substantial losses to the Funds. Market disruptions may from time to time cause dramatic losses for the Funds, and such events can result in otherwise historically low-risk strategies performing with unprecedented volatility and risk.
In response to the recent financial crises, the Obama Administration and the US Congress proposed sweeping reform of the US financial regulatory system. After over a year of debate, the Reform Act became law in July 2010. The Reform Act seeks to regulate markets, market participants and financial instruments that previously have been unregulated and substantially alters the regulation of many other markets, market participants and financial instruments. Because many provisions of the Reform Act require rulemaking by the applicable regulators before becoming fully effective and the Reform Act mandates multiple agency reports and studies (which could result in additional legislative or regulatory action), it is difficult to predict the impact of the Reform Act on the Funds, Brilliance, and the markets in which the Funds trade and invest. The Reform Act could result in certain investment strategies in which the Funds engage or may have otherwise engaged becoming non-viable or non-economic to implement. The Reform Act and regulations adopted pursuant to the Reform Act could have a material adverse impact on the profit potential of the Funds. Please also refer to the risk factor “OTC Derivatives Markets”.
Limited Regulatory Oversight
While the Funds may be considered similar to an investment company, neither the Funds is, nor intends to be, registered under the US Company Act, in reliance upon an exemption available to privately-offered investment companies. Accordingly, the provisions of the US Company Act (which, among other matters, require investment companies to have disinterested directors, require securities held in custody to at all times be individually segregated from the securities of any other person and marked to clearly identify such securities as the property of such investment company and regulate the relationship between the advisor and the investment company) will not be afforded to the Funds or the limited partners.
Given the proposed investment activities of the Funds, the regime provided by the Commodity Exchange Act is not applicable to Brilliance.
Accordingly, consistent with many funds managed by foreign (non-US based) advisors, the protections offered by such US-based legislation will not be available to the limited partners. the Funds will trade on certain foreign security and/or futures exchanges as well as OTC markets. Such exchanges and markets are not subject to regulation by any US governmental agency and , accordingly, the protections afforded by such US-based legislation will not be available to such investments. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Reform Act may result in The Funds being regulated in the United States on the basis of its trading activity in the OTC derivatives markets. Compliance with this new regulatory regime may entail burdensome reporting and registration requirements, minimum capital and variation margin requirements, adherence to business conduct standards, and recordkeeping requirements. The costs associated with such compliance may result in certain investment strategies in which the Funds engage or may have otherwise engaged becoming non-viable or non-economic to implement.
Regulatory Change
The regulation of the non-US securities markets and of investment funds such the Funds has undergone substantial change in recent years, and such change is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. The effect of regulatory change on the Funds is impossible to predict, and therefore may be substantial and have a materially adverse impact on the Funds.
There have recently been certain well-publicized incidents of regulators unexpectedly announcing regulatory changes or interpretations that prohibited strategies that had been implemented in a variety of formats for many years. For instance, in September 2008 the SEC and various non-US regulatory bodies imposed temporary bans on short-selling in a variety please register to get more info
Registered investment advisers are required to disclose all material facts regarding any legal or disciplinary events (i.e., criminal and/or civil action, administrative proceeding, self-regulatory proceeding) that would be material to your evaluation of them or the integrity of their management. There has been no legal or disciplinary action taken against Brilliance or any member of the organization. please register to get more info
Brilliance's management persons are not registered, nor do any management persons have an application pending to register, as a broker-dealer, representative of a broker-dealer, futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator ("CPO"), a commodity trading advisor ("CTA"), or an associated person of the foregoing entities. On the basis that neither the Funds (nor is any other managed account managed by Brilliance) is expected to trade non-security based swaps, Brilliances is not required to register with, or become a member of, the National Futures Association ("NFA") or the CFTC as a CPO or as a CTA. Neither Brilliance Cayman nor Brilliance is registered with the CFTC as a CPO or as a CTA and neither is a member of the NFA. Brilliance serves as the investment adviser to Brilliance Cayman. Brilliance and Brilliance Cayman have common ownership. Brilliance does not recommend or select other investment advisers for clients. please register to get more info
Brilliance has adopted an internal compliance manual that requires, among other things, setting ethical standards and compliance with the securities laws, safeguarding material nonpublic information about clients' transactions and portfolio holdings, initial and annual reports of securities holdings for Access Persons. The Compliance Manual fosters a high standard of business conduct for Brilliance and its employees, which addresses: (a) personal account dealing staff trading rules, pre-clearance, IPOs, blackout periods, holding periods, outside brokers, disclosures);
(b) anti-bribery (gifts and hospitality policy);
(c) prohibited market practices (false trading and market rigging, disclosure of information, market manipulation, fraud, front running and naked short selling); and
(d) insider dealing.
Specifically, employees of Brilliance are required to comply with all applicable securities laws and maintain privacy and confidentiality with respect to: (1) client transactions, holdings, and personal information as set forth in the Compliance Manual; (2) firm securities recommendations and other non-public material information; and (3) guidelines related to gifts and contributions.
The Compliance Manual includes the policies and procedures developed to protect the interests of the fully justify clients of Brilliance in relation to the following topics:
(a) the duty to act in the best interest of the client at all times;
(b) the requirement that all personal securities transactions be conducted in such a manner as to be consistent with the Code and to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of an employee’s position of trust and responsibility;
(c) the duty to maintain the confidentiality of Brilliance's client's security holdings and financial circumstances; and (d) acting independently with respect to all aspects of the investment decision-making process. All employees must accept, in writing, the terms of the Code upon employment, annually or as amended. Clients and/or prospective clients could obtain a copy of Brilliance's Compliance Manual by contacting Brilliance at +852 3612 9599 and/or via electronic mail to: [email protected].
please register to get more info
Dealer Selection
Where Brilliance outsources brokerage functions to third parties, the Responsible Officers of Brilliance (being Lin Shi and Sze Ho Law) are responsible for ensuring that there is ongoing supervision and regular monitoring of the competence of the third parties to ensure that Brilliance's accountability to its investors is not reduced.
Where a formal outsourcing arrangement is entered into the SFC will require notification. The SFC uses the IOSCO definition of outsourcing, which can be found on IOSCO’s website, in assessing whether an arrangement is outsourcing or simply contracting for services.
Where Brilliance has the discretion to select the broker that it uses for client transactions and the commission rates that clients pay such brokers, Brilliance may consider a number of factors to make that selection, including, for example:
(a) net price, clearance, settlement and reputation;
(b) financial strength and stability;
(c) efficiency of execution and error resolution;
(d) block trading and block positioning capabilities;
(e) willingness to execute related or unrelated difficult transactions in the future;
(f) special execution capabilities;
(g) offering to Brilliance on-line access to computerized data regarding clients’ accounts;
(h) computer trading systems; and
(i) the availability of stocks to borrow for short trades.
Soft Dollar Arrangements
Brilliance, as a matter of policy and practice, does not have any formal or informal arrangements or commitments to utilize research, research-related products and other services obtained from broker-dealers, or third parties, on a soft dollar commission basis. In any event that the company accepts any "soft dollars" in the future or other similar services from the counterparties of a client that is a Covered Entity, it will do so only in accordance with the "Section 28(e)" safe harbor established by the SEC.
Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides a “safe harbour” to for discretionary investment advisers to pay an increased commission, above what another broker- dealer would charge for executing a transaction, for research and brokerage services, provided the adviser has made a good faith determination that the value of the research and brokerage services qualifies as reasonable in relation to the amount of commissions paid. Further, under SEC guidelines, the determination as to whether a product or service is research or other brokerage services, and eligible for the Section 28(e) safe harbor, is whether it provides lawful and appropriate assistance to the investment manager in performance of its investment decision- making responsibilities. The Directors and Compliance Manager have the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our soft dollar policy that the Company does not utilize any research, research- related products and other services obtained from broker-dealers, or third parties, on a soft dollar commission basis. An account may, however, pay higher commissions and mark-ups than are otherwise available or may pay more commissions or mark-ups based on account trading activity. The research and other benefits resulting from Brilliance's brokerage relationships benefit Brilliance's operations as a whole and all accounts that it manages, including those that do not generate the soft dollars that pay for such research and other benefits and accounts of clients that direct Brilliance to use a broker or futures commission merchant that does not provide Brilliance with soft dollar services. Brilliance does not allocate soft dollar benefits to client accounts proportionately to the soft dollar credits that the accounts generate.
Trade Aggregation and Trade Allocation
In order to ensure the allocation of investment opportunities are fair and equitable among the funds and managed accounts we manage, Brilliance will allocate investment opportunities in compliance with securities regulations and with consideration to the prime determinants of market exposure, cash availability and industry sector exposure and with regard to the suitability of such investments to each fund. Brilliance takes into account the fund’s stated objectives and not trade excessively on behalf of a fund. In determining the suitability of each investment opportunity to a fund, consideration will be given to a number of factors, the most important being the fund’s investment objectives and strategies, execution price, existing portfolio composition and cash/margin levels.
Trade Allocation Process For funds that mirror the Brilliant Partners Fund, each order will target the position exposure to match the Brilliant Partners Fund. Orders are allocated to the respective accounts to reduce the position exposure discrepancy compared to the Brilliant Partners Fund, with priority given to the account with the largest discrepancy to the account with smallest discrepancy.
Brilliance acts in accordance with its duty to seek best price and execution and will not continue any arrangements if Brilliance determines that such arrangements are no longer in the best interest of its clients.
Best execution The best execution broker is chosen for each particular order subject to client requirements. In case two or more brokers are chosen, orders shall be executed for main fund and managed accounts to different execution brokers at approximately the same time. Weekly review of allocations is performed by the Trader with comments on each discrepancy for record keeping. In addition, compliance manager will review trading allocations and discrepancies on a monthly basis. Aggregating Securities Transactions for Client Accounts The SEC Trade Aggregation and Trade Allocation rule indicated that a registered investment adviser could aggregate trades on behalf of all types of advisory clients (including separately managed accounts, mutual funds, pooled investment vehicles, and accounts in which advisory personnel maintain an ownership interest) provided that certain conditions were met. Among other things, the staff indicated that an adviser should (i) disclose its practice of aggregating trades to all current and prospective clients, (ii) avoid favoring any client over any other client, and (iii) ensure all clients pay the average price as well as their pro-rata share of any commissions. A block trade involves the crossing of a large number of shares of a security, where the brokerage firm acts to match the buyers and sellers. A block trade is generally transacted at a small premium or discount to the prevailing market price of the security; commission is charged at a negotiated institutional rate. Brilliance is not a usual participant in block trades; however, in the event that we find investment opportunities from block trades, portfolio manager will seek to negotiate the best possible price through the broker. The allocation process for a block trade is no different than that of a regular trade. To minimize performance dispersion, “strategy” trades might be aggregated and average priced. However, when a trade is to be executed for an individual account and the trade is not in the best interests of other accounts, given different risk management rules are applied to different accounts, then the trade will only be performed for that account. This is true even if Brilliance believes that a larger size block trade would lead to best overall price for the security being transacted.
Cross Trades Brilliance should only undertake sale and purchase transactions between client accounts (cross trades) where:
(a) the sale and purchase decisions are in the best interests of both clients and fall within the investment objective, restrictions and policies of both clients; (b) the trades are executed on arm’s length terms at current market value; (c) the reasons for such trades are documented prior to execution; and (d) such activities are disclosed to both clients.
Cross trades between proprietary account (house account) and client accounts should only be permitted with the prior written consent of the client, to whom any actual or potential conflicts of interest should be disclosed.
Brilliance has not dealt for any proprietary account. In any event it will do so in the future, it will: (a) give priority to satisfying a client order. When the client order has been aggregated with another order, the client order must take priority in any subsequent allocation if all orders cannot be filled, provided that if a client which is an institutional professional investor requests otherwise, allocation can be effected on the terms specified by the client. Aggregation of house orders with client orders should only be made if it is in the best interests of clients; (b) not deal in accordance with a recommendation, research or analysis to be published to clients until the clients have had a reasonable opportunity to act on the information; and (c) except with the prior written consent of the compliance manager or other persons designated by senior management, not deal ahead of any transaction to be carried out on behalf of a fund. The compliance manager or other persons designated by senior management should properly document the reasons for any consents given.
Participation in Initial Public Offerings When Brilliance participates in an initial public offering (where applicable) on behalf of Funds, it will ensure that:
• the allocation of stock received in the offering provides for a fair and equitable allocation among clients;
• preferential allocations are prohibited; and
• records of (i) the intended basis of allocation before a transaction is effected and (ii) the actual allocation after the transaction is effected, are made. Clients could obtain a copy of Brilliance's Trade Allocation Policy (which includes detailed trade allocation process) by contacting Brilliance at +852 3612 9599 and/or via electronic mail to: [email protected].
Trade Error Policy
Brilliance has designed this policy to identify and avoid trade errors where includes: (a) System Prevention Execution Management System (“EMS”), and Order Management System (the “OMS”) systems are used to perform pre-trade verification to corroborate that orders are properly entered and confirmed in accordance with relevant instructions, restrictions as well as to perform post-trade monitoring to rectify trade errors (if any) after trade execution. (b) Order Notional Limits Order Notional Limits have been set with our brokers requiring that notifications be sent to the trading team whenever orders exceed the limit set between brokers and Brilliance, which will be reviewed periodically during the ongoing review process of brokers and updated Brilliance Trade Error Policy. (c) Operations Reconciliation Trades get reconciled, and the trade orders has to be matched up with trade confirmations every day by Operation Team.
Allocation of losses and gains Brilliance would be responsible for losses from trade errors only in case of gross negligence, wilful misconduct and/or fraud by the manager or the directors, officers, employees or affiliates. Brilliance will not accept any responsibility for any error made by the third party in respect of instructions or amendments in relation to its managed funds. The loss should be borne by the third party.
Brilliance shall not be responsible for trade error outside Brilliance's reasonable control. For trade errors resulting gains, the relevant impacted funds and accounts shall keep any gains resulting from trade errors. Where the error includes both gains and losses and the net effect is a loss these cannot be netted off against each other, and the full cost of all losses be covered by the responsible party and re- imbursement be made to the client account. The client account or fund should retain no loss unless the client provides instruction to the contrary. please register to get more info
Account Review Process
Brilliance strives to ensure compliance with the Fund's (and each managed account's) investment guidelines consistent with our fiduciary responsibility to manage an account in the best interest of the relevant fund and aims to complete reviews on an on-going and continuous basis.
Brilliance regularly reviews all accounts. At least quarterly, all Brilliance accounts are reviewed for asset mix, position sizes, specific holdings, etc. The frequency of the reviews depends on market conditions and other factors that a prudent, professional investor would deem necessary. Any information that is likely to change our outlook on the economic factors that constituted the basis of our position in the investment is discussed by the investment team.
An account may be reviewed immediately to the extent that information concerning economic or market conditions, individual companies or industries could affect the account. Reviews of accounts also occur when investment strategies and objectives are changed by a client.
Brilliance works closely with Brilliance Cayman and the Funds to make sure guidelines are implemented, where applicable. Periodic reviews are also undertaken by the Brilliance's internal compliance team. Brilliance has policies and procedures in place to address any breaches and our senior management receives monthly reports on all trading errors.
Reports to Investors
Each investor in the Funds receive reports from the third-party administrators addressing (respectively): (i) assets under management; and (ii) the net asset value of the Funds. For Brilliance China Core Long Short Fund, Market Value Statement to each investor is distributed on weekly basis. Brilliance dispatches a monthly performance letter, usually by email, to each investor in the Funds. The monthly performance letter covers the fund's monthly performance, attribution analysis by regions, sectors, market caps, long and short, liquidity profile, top position (both long and short) and fund detail. Additional reports may be provided, subject to the discretion of Brilliance. The investors are encouraged to carefully review any reports they receive. please register to get more info
Brilliance may enter into agreements with placement agents that are registered as broker dealers. Such broker dealers would not be affiliated with Brilliance, other than a separate written agreement covering the solicitation of business on the behalf of Brilliance. All fees to be paid to these broker dealers would be in hard dollars. Brilliance has a standard management fee schedule and any compensation for investor referrals is not borne by the Funds or any investors. Brilliance, or its affiliates, is not compensated in connection with the sale of interests in the Funds. Brilliance does not currently receive compensation from any non-clients. please register to get more info
As fund manager and General Partner of the limited partnership, Brilliance is deemed to have custody. The Funds’ cash and securities are maintained at qualified custodians and Fund financial statements are audited annually, in accordance with the Custody Rule. Brilliant Partners Fund LP has appointed Merrill Lynch International, Goldman Sachs International, Deutsche Bank AG and UBS AG, as prime brokers and custodians. China Core Fund has appointed Goldman Sachs International and UBS AG as prime brokers and BNY Mellon as custodian. Brilliance China Core Long Short Fund has appointed Northern Trust Fiduciary Services (Ireland) Limited as custodian. Managed accounts may appoint separate prime brokers and custodians. Ernst & Young Ltd. is the auditor of the Funds. The Fund’s audited financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S.GAAP”) and are delivered to all limited partners within 120 days of the end of fiscal year. The Master Fund is an investment company and follows the accounting and reporting guidance applicable to investment companies in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 946, Financial Services – Investment Companies (“ASC 946”). please register to get more info
Brilliance accepts discretionary authority to manage the assets of the Funds. Brilliance has investment discretion to buy and sell securities on behalf of the Funds. Each investor in the Funds and each investor in a managed account will provide the Funds with a signed subscription documenting the investment contract between that investor and the Funds. The Funds delegates the investment management function to Brilliance Cayman pursuant to an investment management agreement entered into with that entity. Brilliance Cayman delegates investment advisory authority to Brilliance pursuant to a separate investment advisory agreement between Brilliance and Brilliance Cayman. please register to get more info
The Funds delegate the investment management function to Brilliance Cayman pursuant to an investment management agreement entered into with that entity. Brilliance Cayman delegates investment advisory authority to Brilliance pursuant to a separate investment advisory agreement between Brilliance and Brilliance Cayman. The Funds may not direct Brilliance as to how to vote a particular proxy.
Brilliance has established policies for voting proxies in the best interests of its clients (the Funds). When voting on proxies, Brilliance will rely on its own in-house research and analysis. Brilliance will vote any interests in securities in accordance with the long term economic interest of investors in the respective the fund being advised in each situation.
In the instance of a conflict, Brilliance may cross-reference its voting decision against a third- party service provider recommendation.
Brilliance recognizes that there may be a potential conflict of interest if it votes on a security in which Brilliance owns the holding in a personal account. Another conflict may exist if Brilliance has a business relationship with (or are actively soliciting business from) either a company soliciting the proxy or a third-party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote. In order to avoid any perceived or actual conflict of interests, Brilliance has established procedures to ensure that our voting decisions are based on our clients’ best interests and are not the product of a conflict.
Brilliance recognizes its obligation to vote proxies for investments held by clients over which it exercises full discretionary authority. Brilliance also understands its obligation to vote in the best interest of its clients, believes it is in the best position to do so – to the extent that it researches, recommends, and monitors clients’ investments – and has established internal voting policies and procedures ("Voting Procedures") that it believes are reasonably designed to ensure votes are handled properly. Clients could obtain a copy of Brilliance's Voting Procedures (which includes provisions regarding how conflicts of interests are handled) and/or proxy voting records for their account by contacting Brilliance at +852 3612 9599 and/or via electronic mail to: [email protected]. please register to get more info
Registered investment advisers are required to provide you with certain financial information or disclosures about Brilliance's financial condition. Brilliance has no financial commitment that impairs its ability to meet contractual and fiduciary commitments to clients. In addition, Brilliance has not been the subject of a bankruptcy proceeding.
Item 19: Requirements for State-Registered Advisers
Brilliance is not a state-registered adviser. [This page is intentionally left blank] please register to get more info
Open Brochure from SEC website
Assets | |
---|---|
Pooled Investment Vehicles | $4,513,880,541 |
Discretionary | $4,513,880,541 |
Non-Discretionary | $ |
Registered Web Sites
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