Generally
The Adviser, a Delaware limited liability company, was formed in October 2009.
The Adviser succeeded Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, Inc. (“CD&R Inc.”) in November 2009
as the manager of various private equity funds. CD&R Inc. was founded in 1978 and
acted as manager to such private equity funds until it was succeeded by the Adviser.
Principal Owners
The sole and managing member of the Adviser is Clayton, Dubilier & Rice
Holdings, L.P. (“Holdco”). Holdco is owned directly and indirectly by senior
professionals of the firm (as limited partners) and CD&R Inc. (as indirect general
partner). CD&R Inc. is owned by Mr. Joseph L. Rice, III and Mr. Donald J. Gogel,
however Firm profits are distributed broadly among senior professionals based on
specified sharing percentages.
Advisory Services
The Adviser provides investment advice to private equity funds (each, a “Fund”)
with respect to the Funds’ investments. The investment strategy of the Adviser is
described in Item 8 below and set forth more fully in the private placement memorandum
(as supplemented or amended, the “Private Placement Memoranda”) of each “Primary
Fund” described below. The Adviser provides services to each Fund in accordance with
the limited partnership or similar governing agreement of such Fund (each, a “Partnership
Agreement”) and, where applicable, the management agreement between the Adviser and
such Fund (each, a “Management Agreement”). The Adviser’s sole clients are the Funds.
The Adviser’s investment advice to the Funds is limited to the type of advice described in
this Brochure.
Fund Structure
In connection with the structuring and marketing of a new Fund, the Adviser
forms a Primary Fund, the Partnership Agreement of which typically permits the general
partner of such Fund to form one or more co-investment vehicles (each, a “Co-
Investment Vehicle”) for purposes of investing in some or all of the investments made by
the Primary Fund. The Funds include a number of Co-Investment Vehicles formed for
such purpose. Certain of the Co-Investment Vehicles are structured as limited liability
companies or other similar entities, where applicable. When we refer to limited partners
and general partners in this Brochure, we also are referring to the equivalent investors
and managers of such entities.
Each Fund is managed by the Adviser, which investigates, analyzes, structures
and negotiates potential investments. The Adviser has general authority to recommend
investments to the Fund’s general partner, subject to the limitations set forth in the
Management Agreement and/or Partnership Agreement of such Fund. The Adviser
monitors such investments and makes recommendations with respect to the disposition of
such investments, but the management and the conduct of the activities of each Fund
remain the ultimate responsibility of such Fund’s general partner. The general partner of
each Fund is an affiliate of the Adviser.
Investment Restrictions
Each Partnership Agreement contains or incorporates by reference restrictions on
investing in certain securities or types of securities, including shares of capital stock,
partnership interests, limited liability company interests, warrants, options, bonds, notes,
debentures and other equity and debt instruments (“Securities”). Such restrictions may in
certain cases be waived in accordance with the Partnership Agreement of a Fund with the
consent of the Fund’s advisory committee, consisting of representatives of limited
partners in the Fund who are not affiliated with the Adviser.
Management of Client Assets
As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser managed $21,115,141,902 of client assets
on a discretionary basis and no client assets on a nondiscretionary basis.
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Adviser Compensation
Certain Funds pay the Adviser an annual management fee (the “Management
Fee”) in accordance with each such Fund’s Partnership Agreement and Management
Agreement, as negotiated collectively with the investors of each such Fund. The
Management Fee is payable to the Adviser in either tri-annual or quarterly installments in
advance, funded by drawdowns of unfunded capital commitments of limited partners
(“Limited Partners”) or amounts withheld from proceeds otherwise distributable to the
Limited Partners, in each case in accordance with the Fund’s Partnership Agreement. In
addition, the Adviser may receive certain types of fee income from portfolio companies,
such as directors’ fees, consulting fees (including initial consulting services fees and
other consulting fees paid with respect to services provided to portfolio companies), and
monitoring fees (“Fee Income”) related to its business activities. As described further
below, the Management Fee paid by each Primary Fund is reduced by a specified portion
of the Fee Income received by the Adviser with respect to such Fund’s portfolio
companies.
The Management Fee is generally calculated as 1.5% of capital commitments of
Limited Partners to the Fund through the earlier of the end of such Fund’s investment
period and the date on which the Adviser or its affiliates are entitled to receive
management fees from a successor fund. Thereafter, the Management Fee is generally
calculated as 0.75% of funded capital commitments that remain invested in portfolio
companies. However, Management Fees are subject to modification, waiver or reduction
in certain limited circumstances and certain of the Funds (including a number of Co-
Investment Vehicles) pay no Management Fee.
The Management Fee calculated with respect to each Limited Partner is typically
subject to reduction in each installment period for certain amounts, including: (
i)
contributions made by such Limited Partner to the Fund to pay any placement fees paid
or payable by the Fund (with the result that placement fees are borne by the Adviser); (
ii)
such Limited Partner’s
pro rata share of organizational expenses paid or payable by the
Fund, to the extent they exceed a specified amount set forth in the relevant Fund
documents; and (
iii) such Limited Partner’s
pro rata share of a specified percentage
(specified in the relevant Fund documents) of Fee Income received by the Adviser or
certain of its affiliates. Fee Income received in respect of any investors or prospective
investors other than a Primary Fund (including in respect of certain Co-Investment
Vehicles) is retained by the Adviser in accordance with the relevant Partnership
Agreements, and does not reduce the Management Fee with respect to any Fund. The
payment of monitoring fees may be accelerated upon certain liquidity events with respect
to a portfolio company, such as an initial public offering or change of control, in
accordance with the Adviser’s acceleration policy if a Fund continues to hold an interest
in, and the Adviser is expected to continue to provide services to, such portfolio company
after the occurrence of such liquidity event.
The Management Agreements of the Funds generally provide that, upon
termination of the Management Agreement, the Adviser shall repay to the Fund or to a
replacement manager, as directed by the Fund’s general partner, the unearned portion
(computed on the basis of the number of days elapsed), if any, of any Management Fees
previously paid to the Adviser.
From time to time, the Adviser’s employees, affiliates and/or strategic partners
receive discounted goods or services and/or other benefits from certain portfolio
companies or other providers. Such discounts are similar to those provided to
management or employees of the portfolio companies. The Adviser has a portfolio
company discounts policy, among other compliance policies, in place to address any
potential conflicts of interest that may arise from receipt of any material discounts or
complimentary services. When entering into contracts with vendors of portfolio
companies for goods or services to be provided to the Adviser itself, the Adviser may
receive discounts from such vendors that are on substantially the same terms as those
negotiated on behalf of the Adviser’s portfolio companies. Discounts provided to the
Adviser do not reduce the amount or extent of discounts received by the Funds or
portfolio companies.
Item 6 below discusses the distribution of carried interest, and additional
performance-based compensation paid to certain related persons of the Adviser.
Allocation of Fees and Expenses
The Funds (and indirectly their partners) also bear (to the extent not reimbursed
by a portfolio company) certain costs and expenses incurred by the Adviser and/or its
affiliates in connection with the operation and activities of the Funds. These expenses
include (
i) expenses incurred in connection with identifying, evaluating, researching,
structuring and negotiating proposed Fund investments (including those that are not
ultimately consummated by the Fund) and the acquisition, management, holding
(including overhead and other expenses incurred by local entities formed by the Adviser
or its affiliates in connection with operating and managing certain of the Funds’
European holding companies), sale, proposed sale and valuation of Fund investments
(including, among other things, legal, consulting, portfolio procurement, supply chain
and accounting expenses, professional fees, costs associated with research, attendance at
related industry conferences and trade association memberships and, where contemplated
by the applicable Partnership Agreement, meals, entertainment, lodging, travel expenses
and related incidentals (collectively, “Travel Expenses”)); (
ii) ongoing administrative
expenses related to the Fund, including, among other things: telephone charges, LP
reporting, website hosting and maintenance, contact relationship management (“CRM”)
software, directors & officers insurance premiums, expenses of managing
communications related to the portfolio companies, costs of reporting to, responding to
requests of, and other ongoing meetings with, Limited Partners (including Travel
Expenses and any annual software licenses and fees relating thereto), costs of the annual
meeting and operating reviews and other meetings with portfolio company management
teams, including periodic best practice sharing forums and external legal, brokerage,
custodial, accounting, regulatory and compliance expenses (excluding routine annual
costs of compliance with the Advisers Act); (
iii) costs of reporting to governmental
authorities with respect to the activities of the Funds and their portfolio companies; (
iv)
fees and expenses related to any Fund borrowing facilities and (
v) fees paid to locally
licensed intermediaries that a Fund is required to engage as a result of one or more
Limited Partners being domiciled in or otherwise affiliated with a particular jurisdiction.
Travel Expenses associated with the acquisition, holding and disposition of investments
(including firm meetings related thereto) may include, on occasion, the use of non-
commercial planes on a time-share basis. In these cases, costs above the initial capital
costs of such time-sharing arrangements can be charged to the Funds or to the applicable
portfolio companies, based on the use of the aircraft. The Adviser and its personnel can
be expected to receive certain incidental benefits from service providers arising or
resulting from the activities of the Adviser or its personnel on behalf of the Funds and
their portfolio companies such as cash rebates, “miles,” “points” or credit in loyalty/status
programs resulting from airline travel or hotel stays incurred as Travel Expenses. The
value of such benefits may not be shared with the Funds or portfolio companies even
though the cost of the underlying service is borne by the Funds or portfolio companies,
and the Management Fees with respect to such Funds will not be reduced by the value of
such benefits.
The Adviser allocates each of the costs noted above among the Funds in good
faith and in accordance with the Adviser’s expense allocation policies and the fiduciary
duty that it owes to each of its clients. With respect to certain allocable costs that are not
related to a particular Fund or portfolio company, the Adviser generally allocates the
majority of such costs to the Fund or Funds that have an active investment period.
Expenses and fees generated in the course of evaluating and making investments,
such as out-of-pocket fees associated with due diligence, attorney fees and the fees of
advisors, consultants or other similar professionals (including Travel Expenses), are
allocated to the Fund(s) considering the proposed investment by the Adviser in its good
faith discretion and in accordance with the Adviser’s expense allocation policies and the
Global Code of Conduct and Regulatory Compliance Program Manual (the “Code of
Ethics”) adopted by the Adviser (described in Item 11 below). Expenses for
consummated investments are allocated among the Primary Funds and the Co-Investment
Vehicles, except in certain circumstances where the Adviser, in good faith, deems it
appropriate to allocate such expenses solely among the Primary Funds. Expenses relating
to proposed Fund investments that are not ultimately consummated are generally
allocated entirely to the Primary Fund that has an active investment period and any Co-
Investment Vehicles formed to invest in all investments alongside such Fund (and not to
any Co-Investment Vehicles formed specifically to invest in such proposed investment).
In addition to the full-time investment professionals of the firm, the Funds engage
the services of certain advisors to work actively with the firm on sourcing and evaluating
new transactions, as well as providing strategic insights related to portfolio company
matters. While these advisors have from time to time been referred to as “Advisory
Operating Partners,” “Special Partners,” “Operating Advisors” or “Senior Advisors,” they
are not partners or employees of the Adviser or any of its affiliates, but rather consultants
engaged by or on behalf of certain Funds. From time to time such advisors may become
partners or employees of the Adviser and former partners or employees of the Adviser
may become advisors. The compensation of such advisors is generally borne by the
relevant Fund or portfolio company with respect to which such consultant provides
services, and such individuals may receive a portion of the profits generated by a
liquidity event with respect to such portfolio company. On occasion, advisors may serve
on the board of directors for certain portfolio companies and may be paid directly by such
portfolio companies as a form of compensation. Any such compensation is retained by
such advisors and does not reduce the Management Fees with respect to the Fund owning
such portfolio company.
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Pursuant to the Partnership Agreements of certain Funds, the general partner or
“special limited partner” of such Funds is entitled to receive “carried interest” with
respect to each Limited Partner equal to 20% of such Limited Partner’s investment profits
in respect of Funds, subject to satisfaction of an 8% hurdle rate (the “Preferred Return”).
Each general partner and special limited partner of a Fund is a related person of the
Adviser. Such carried interest is generally paid out of proceeds realized from the
applicable investments of the Fund. The Partnership Agreements of certain of the Co-
Investment Vehicles provide for no, or significantly reduced, carried interest. Certain
Funds may incur indebtedness in connection with making investments and payment of
expenses, including the Management Fee. Because the general partner does not receive
distributions of carried interest until a Limited Partner has received the Preferred Return,
the general partner’s ability to incur indebtedness could provide an incentive for the
general partner of such Fund to cause such Fund to incur indebtedness in order to
accelerate how quickly the Preferred Return is achieved, thereby allowing the general
partner to receive its carried interest earlier than it would absent such Fund’s incurrence
of such indebtedness.
Different effective rates of carried interest among Funds may create differing
incentives for the Adviser, including in allocating investment opportunities among such
Funds. This conflict is mitigated by the fact that as a general matter, the Adviser will
only be selecting investments for a single Primary Fund at any given time. As a Primary
Fund nears the end of its investment period, the Adviser may raise a new Fund and, in the
circumstances where the predecessor Fund has sufficient remaining capital for
investments, the Adviser will allocate investments between the predecessor Fund and the
new Primary Fund in good faith in accordance with the “Allocation of Investment and
Sale Opportunities Policy” (described in Item 11 below). In addition, the Partnership
Agreements and the Code of Ethics include specific parameters for investment
allocations that are designed to address the conflicts of interest inherent in these differing
incentives.
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As described in Item 4 above, the Adviser’s sole clients are the Funds. Limited
Partners in Funds (other than Co-Investment Vehicles) are generally required to make a
minimum commitment of $20 million, but the applicable general partner has the
discretion to waive, and has previously waived, this minimum commitment in certain
circumstances. Limited Partners in Co-Investment Vehicles are generally not required to
make any specific minimum commitment. Limited partner interests in the Funds may be
purchased only by investors that are (
i) “accredited investors,” as defined in Regulation D
of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and (
ii) (other than with respect to certain
Co-Investment Vehicles) “qualified purchasers” for purposes of section 3(c)(7) of the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
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Methods of Analysis and Investment Strategies
The investment strategy of the Funds is to realize significant long-term capital
gains by investing in equity, equity-related and other Securities and obligations of entities
(
i) formed to effect, or that are the subject of, leveraged buy-out transactions, (
ii) that are
being recapitalized or (
iii) that require capital for operations or business expansion, as
well as investments in debt securities where there is an opportunity to generate equity-
like returns. The Funds primarily pursue investments in four industry verticals:
consumer/retail, healthcare, industrials and services, including investments in non-core
divisions of large corporations, which are typically in need of strategic and operational
transformation, growth businesses in need of professionalization and family enterprises
undergoing generational transition. The businesses in which the Funds invest are often
market leaders in attractive industries in need of strategic and operational enhancement,
transformation or support in accelerating growth strategies.
The Adviser typically obtains information with respect to potential portfolio
companies from management and other representatives of such companies. The Adviser
utilizes carefully designed and rigorous due diligence procedures to identify and quantify
the growth, productivity, cost structure, working capital improvement opportunities and
talent upgrades that can realistically be achieved over the expected ownership period of
each potential investment.
To facilitate this investment strategy, the Adviser primarily focuses on the
analysis of businesses that: (
i) are fundamentally well-positioned and operate in relatively
benign industries; (
ii) have broad “spread of risk” characteristics and limited exposure to
“uncontrollable” risks such as technological obsolescence or government regulation; (
iii)
have strategic, operational, and talent-enhancement potential; and (
iv) have platforms that
can be scaled by leveraging the operating skills of the firm’s investment professionals.
Certain Risks Relating to the Investment Strategies of the Funds
Investing in Securities involves risk of loss that clients should be prepared to bear,
including the risks discussed below. These risks are generally applicable to the
investment strategy of each Fund (although certain risks described below may not be
applicable to the activities of Co-Investment Vehicles, certain of which were formed for
the purpose of co-investing with a Fund in a single portfolio company). The risks
summarized below are described in greater detail in the Private Placement Memoranda
provided to Limited Partners. The risks include those related to:
changes in general economic conditions;
availability of debt financing for transactions;
highly competitive market for investments;
reliance on the expertise of investment professionals of the Adviser and its
affiliates;
potential conflicts of interest (
i) between or among Funds and (
ii) between one or
more Funds on the one hand, and the Adviser, its affiliates and its investment
professionals on the other hand;
exposure to portfolio company and related party claims;
potential liabilities in connection with dispositions of investments;
failure or inability of a Fund to make follow-on investments in a portfolio
company;
reliance on portfolio company management;
certain additional economic, political, regulatory and other risks relating to U.S.
and non-U.S. investments, including the volatility of the equity markets and the
securities markets generally;
illiquidity of investments;
lack of diversification;
investments in portfolio companies with high levels of debt;
potential liabilities related to portfolio company bankruptcies or restructurings;
possible investments in debt instruments, including those below investment grade;
and
incurrence of a substantial amount of indebtedness by a Fund through one or more
credit facilities or guarantees (as discussed in Item 6 above)
There are certain risks (in addition to risks related to our investment strategy) associated
with investing in the Funds, which also are described in the Private Placement
Memoranda.
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Registered investment advisers are required to disclose all material facts regarding
any legal or disciplinary events that would be material to clients’ evaluation of the
Adviser or the integrity of the Adviser’s management. The Adviser has no information to
disclose that is applicable to this Item.
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The general partners and special limited partners of the Funds, as applicable, are
affiliated with the Adviser by common ownership. In addition, related persons of the
Adviser that are affiliated by common ownership serve as sub-adviser in respect of
certain of the Funds. Otherwise, the Adviser and its related persons do not have any
relationships or arrangements with financial services companies that pose material
conflicts of interest. Should conflicts of interest arise in the context of these
relationships, they will be addressed in accordance with the Code of Ethics (described in
further detail in Item 11 below), and in the Partnership Agreements of the Funds, as
applicable.
The Adviser’s employees and related persons may serve as directors and officers
of, and provide advice to, publicly traded companies and private companies. The Funds
should be aware that receipt of material non-public information by the Adviser’s
employees and related persons regarding these companies could preclude the Adviser
from effecting transactions in the Securities of such companies.
In 2012, the Adviser entered into a strategic alliance to form Kedaara Capital
Investment Managers Limited (together with any affiliated investment advisers,
“Kedaara”), a related person of the Adviser. Holdco (as defined in Item 4 - Principal
Owners) owns a minority interest in Kedaara and certain Supervised Persons of the
Adviser serve on the board of directors of Kedaara, Kedaara Capital Fund I Limited and
Kedaara Capital Fund II Limited (together, the “Kedaara Funds”) and the investment
committee of the Kedaara Funds. Kedaara targets two distinct types of investment
opportunities in India: (
i) corporate divestitures of under-managed and/or non-core
business units locked within large Indian-family conglomerates that have limited or no
strategic value to their existing parent company; and (
ii) emerging leaders competing in
selected sectors reaching critical mass in India, such as consumer, financial and business
services, pharmaceuticals/healthcare and agriculture/resources.
The Adviser is subject to certain restrictions as a result of the Adviser’s
relationship with Kedaara. For example, neither the Adviser nor the Funds may make
any investment in a portfolio company organized or operating principally in India unless
such investment opportunity has first been offered to Kedaara. Additionally, investment
funds managed by Kedaara have the right to co-invest alongside the Funds in certain
“outbound deals” (i.e., certain investments alongside an Indian company or in a portfolio
company that is majority owned by an Indian company). The Adviser does not expect
that the Adviser’s relationship with Kedaara will materially restrict the Funds’ investment
activities; the Funds have not historically invested in Indian businesses and while the
Funds may invest globally, there is no current intention to recommend investments in
India-based portfolio companies to the Funds. The Adviser also has agreed to provide
Kedaara with strategic access to its investment professionals and other resources upon
reasonable request, including, but not limited to, consultation with operating partners and
advisors regarding particular issues that arise within their areas of expertise. The Adviser
does not expect operating partners and advisors to devote a material amount of time to
these activities.
In 2016, the Adviser entered into a strategic alliance to form Principle Capital
Advisors Limited (“Principle”), the manager of Principle Capital Fund IV, L.P. (the
“Principle Fund”). The Adviser owns a minority interest in Principle and is entitled to a
share in carried interest from the Principle Fund. A Supervised Person of the Adviser
serves on (
i) the board of directors of Principle and (
ii) the board of directors and the
investment committee of the general partner of the Principle Fund. The Principle Fund’s
investment objective is to make value-oriented control and minority private equity
investments in small to middle-market companies with substantial operations in China.
The Adviser is subject to certain restrictions and contractual obligations as a result
of its relationship with Principle. For example, the Adviser may not sponsor or own an
interest in any other private investment firm whose primary investment objective is to
make investments in China. The Adviser does not expect that the Adviser’s relationship
with Principle will materially restrict the Funds’ investment activities; the Funds have not
historically invested in private investment firms. In addition, the Adviser or its affiliates
must invest in the Principle Fund as well as any successor fund thereto. The Adviser has
also agreed to provide Principle with strategic access to its investment professionals,
operating professionals and other resources upon reasonable request.
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Personal Trading Code of Ethics
The Adviser has adopted the Code of Ethics pursuant to SEC Rule 204A-1 under
the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”) for all
Supervised Persons of the firm describing its high standard of business conduct and
fiduciary duty to the Funds under the Advisers Act. “Supervised Persons” include (
i) any
partner, officer, director (or other person occupying a similar status or performing similar
functions) or employee of the Adviser and (
ii) any other person who provides investment
advice on behalf of the Adviser and is subject to the Adviser’s supervision and control.
The Code of Ethics was adopted in order to establish the standard of conduct
expected of all of the Adviser’s Supervised Persons, in light of the Adviser’s duties to the
Funds under the Advisers Act. The Code of Ethics includes provisions relating to the
confidentiality of information relating to Limited Partners, a prohibition on insider
trading, a prohibition on disseminating rumors, procedures on the use of industry experts,
restrictions on the acceptance of significant gifts and the reporting of certain gifts and
business entertainment items, restrictions and reporting obligations relating to making
political contributions, anti-money laundering and sanctions policies and procedures
designed to ensure the security of data of the Adviser and its clients, among other
matters. All Supervised Persons of the firm must acknowledge the terms of the Code of
Ethics annually, as it may be amended from time to time.
In addition, the Adviser has adopted a strict personal securities transactions policy
under its Code of Ethics that forbids any Supervised Person from engaging in any insider
trading and from disclosing or using material non-public information in violation of
applicable law. Certain classes of securities have been designated as exempt transactions
under the Code of Ethics, based upon a determination that these exemptions would not
materially interfere with the best interest of the Funds. The Code of Ethics restricts
trading in close proximity to Fund investment activity. Subject to certain limited
exceptions, all Supervised Persons are required by the Code of Ethics policy to:
report personal securities transactions to the Chief Compliance Officer;
pre-clear personal securities transactions in reportable securities;
quarterly certify to the accuracy of their personal security accounts and
transactions; and
annually report and certify to securities holdings to the Chief Compliance Officer.
Trading by Supervised Persons is routinely monitored by the Chief Compliance
Officer pursuant to the Code of Ethics in order to reasonably prevent or address conflicts
of interest among the Adviser, Supervised Persons and the Funds.
All Supervised Persons receive periodic training as necessary regarding personal
securities trading policies and related matters. In addition, Supervised Persons must
annually confirm that they have read and understand the Code of Ethics, including the
personal securities trading policy.
The Funds, Limited Partners and prospective investors in the Funds may request a
copy of the Code of Ethics, free of charge, by contacting the Adviser’s Chief Compliance
Officer.
Participation or Interest in Client Transactions
The Adviser investigates and structures potential investments of the Funds, as
described in Item 16 below. Partners and principals of the firm will have a material
financial interest in these investments through their commitment to the general partner or
special limited partner of certain Funds, as described in Item 6 above. In addition,
partners and principals of the firm may invest in certain parallel vehicles that participate
in the same investments as the applicable Primary Funds. From time to time one Fund
may sell an investment to another Fund as long as the transaction is carried out in
accordance with the procedures for handling conflicts of interest in each such Fund’s
Partnership Agreement and, to the extent applicable, Section 206(3) of the Advisers Act.
Furthermore, the Adviser has adopted a Code of Ethics and written policies designed to
ensure compliance with the provisions of each Partnership Agreement addressing
potential conflicts of interest involving the Adviser and its related persons.
Allocation of Investment and Sale Opportunities Policy
Investment opportunities are allocated based upon the provisions of the applicable
Partnership Agreement that address such situations. If the relevant Partnership
Agreement does not address the manner in which the investment opportunity should be
allocated, the Adviser will allocate the opportunity between or among the Funds in good
faith, according to the “Compliance with Fund Investment Policies and Allocating
Investment and Sale Opportunities Policy” included in the Code of Ethics. This policy
governs the appropriate allocation of opportunities between or among the Funds as well
as with respect to co-investments, follow-on investments and sale opportunities, and
provides that when determining these allocations the Adviser will consider the following
factors: (
i) the size, nature, risk profile, target return profile and type of investment
opportunity; (
ii) principles of diversification of assets, including, without limitation, in
respect of geography, investment size and sector; (
iii) the investment guidelines,
limitations and investment strategies of each Fund; (
iv) cash availability and leverage
capabilities of each Fund; (
v) the magnitude of the investment; (
vi) a determination by the
Adviser that the opportunity is inappropriate, in whole or in part, for one or more of the
Funds; (
vii) proximity of a Fund to the end of its specified term; (
viii) applicable transfer
or assignment provisions, (
ix) liquidity considerations, (
x) regulatory, tax or contractual
restrictions or consequences, (
xi) applicable law; or (
xii) such other factors as the Adviser
deems relevant in good faith.
Under the investment allocation policy, the Adviser may allocate a portion of any
investment opportunity (in the equity of a target company or the debt thereof) to one or
more third-party investors, including a Co-Investment Vehicle formed to participate in
such investment alongside a Fund in accordance with the Partnership Agreement of the
relevant Fund. Such co-investment opportunities may be allocated to one or more
existing limited partners of such Fund, lenders, consultants, advisors (including
Operating Advisors and Senior Advisors), Supervised Persons and/or strategic or other
investors, in each case subject to the terms of the Partnership Agreement of the relevant
Fund. The Adviser will determine the person(s) to whom it offers such co-investment
opportunity, and the relative amounts offered to each such person, taking into account
such factors as the Adviser determines appropriate based on the relevant facts and
circumstances, which may include one or more of the following: (
i) the ability of an
investor to commit to invest in a short period of time, in light of the timing constraints
applicable to such investment; (
ii) the ability of an investor to commit to a significant
portion of such opportunity; (
iii) whether an investor provides strategic value in respect
of such investment, such as by having relevant experience in the sector or existing
relationships with management or other relevant parties; (
iv) the size of an investor’s
commitment to the applicable Primary Fund or to Adviser-managed Funds more broadly;
(
v) whether and to what extent an investor has accepted prior co-investment opportunities
offered to it; or (
vi) such other factors as the Adviser deems relevant, which may include
subjective determinations such as working relationships and strategic benefits to the
Adviser or to Adviser-managed Funds. For the avoidance of doubt, as a result of the
application of the criteria above, co-investment opportunities may not be offered to all
Limited Partners of a Fund.
Follow-on opportunities may be allocated entirely to the Primary Fund that made the
initial investment. Where a sale opportunity is identified for an investment held by two
or more Funds, the opportunity will generally be allocated
pro rata among them on the
basis of their respective investments held. However, the Adviser may change an
allocation with respect to co-investments, follow-on investments and/or sale opportunities
in the event it determines a different allocation would be prudent or equitable based on
the investment allocation considerations described in the Code of Ethics, to the extent
applicable.
Personal Financial Interests
The Adviser has adopted a conflicts of interest policy in order to address the
conflicts that could arise if the Adviser recommends that a Fund invest in the same
Securities or related Securities in which the Adviser or a related person currently holds an
investment. Under such policy, no Supervised Person may recommend to the Adviser
that a Fund make a particular investment without first disclosing his or her interest in the
potential transaction (if such an interest represents a conflict of interest) to certain
designated parties. Although the Code of Ethics generally prohibits Supervised Persons
from investing in or holding the Securities of a Fund portfolio company outside of the
Fund, such investments may be permitted in certain circumstances (including, for
example, indirectly through investments in CD&R-controlled Co-Investment Vehicles as
permitted by the Partnership Agreements of the Funds).
Business with Portfolio Companies and Investors
The Adviser may recommend a portfolio company’s services to other portfolio
companies from time to time. The Adviser may have a conflict of interest in making such
recommendations, as the Adviser has an incentive to recommend the portfolio company’s
services even if another service provider is more qualified to provide the applicable
services and/or can provide such services at a lesser cost. The Fund holding the service-
providing portfolio company may also be advantaged if the portfolio companies are held
by different Funds. In addition, the Adviser or its affiliates may, from time to time,
recommend the services of family members (or of companies owned by family members)
of certain Supervised Persons to portfolio companies. Accordingly, to the extent that the
Adviser recommends or facilitates transactions (
i) between portfolio companies or (
ii)
between portfolio companies and family members of Supervised Persons, such
transactions will be on terms that are arms-length and/or fair and beneficial to the
portfolio companies. Finally, the Adviser or its affiliates may from time to time utilize
the services of one or more Limited Partners or their affiliates on an arm’s length basis,
as the parties deem appropriate. The Chief Compliance Officer will review such
transactions on a case-by-case basis.
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The Adviser focuses on making investments in private Securities, thus it does not
ordinarily deal with any financial intermediary such as a broker-dealer, and commissions
are not ordinarily payable in connection with such investment. However, in the ordinary
course of making debt investments in the secondary market, it is typical to pay
commissions or spreads to broker-dealers.
The Adviser has the discretion to make investment recommendations to each
Fund’s general partner, which is generally authorized to make the following
determinations, subject to the investment objectives and restrictions set forth in such
Fund’s Partnership Agreement, without obtaining prior consent from the relevant Fund or
any of its Limited Partners: (
i) which Securities to buy or sell; (
ii) the total amount of
Securities to buy or sell; (
iii) the executing broker or dealer for any transaction; and (
iv)
the commission rates or commission equivalents charged for transactions.
Best Execution
To the extent the Adviser uses a broker or dealer to transact in public Securities or
makes other non-private equity investments (e.g., currency hedging), the Adviser seeks to
obtain best execution as described in the Code of Ethics. “Best execution” means
obtaining for a Fund the lowest total cost (in purchasing a Security) or highest total
proceeds (in selling a Security), subject to the circumstances of the transaction and the
quality and reliability of the executing broker or dealer.
Broker Selection
In selecting brokers or dealers, the Adviser (and the applicable general partner
and their related persons) will consider various factors, including: the reputation,
experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer; the ability to maintain the
Adviser’s anonymity; the ability to provide competitive pricing; the size and timing of
the transaction; the ability and willingness to commit capital and provide prompt and
accurate execution and settlement; whether the broker-dealer makes a market in a
Security and/or finds sources of liquidity; the nature of the market for the Security and
the difficulty of execution; the broker-dealer’s trading expertise, including its ability to
minimize total trading costs and to trade without unduly impacting the market; the belief
that the broker-dealer charges a fair and reasonable fee for each trade, and that the Funds
have been treated fairly and honestly in prior trades; and the quality of execution, quality
of the broker-dealer relationship and quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in
prior transactions. Although the Adviser generally seeks competitive commission rates
and commission equivalents, it will not necessarily pay the lowest commission or
equivalent. Transactions may involve specialized services on the part of a broker-dealer,
which may justify higher commissions and equivalents than would be the case for more
routine services.
Research and Other Soft Dollar Benefits
The Adviser has no formal arrangements with specific brokers or dealers to
receive research or other services beyond transaction execution (so called “soft dollar”
arrangements). However, the Adviser may receive research from brokers and dealers
available to other institutional investors without separately paying for such research.
Research services received from brokers and dealers are generally supplemental to the
Adviser’s own research efforts. To the best of the Adviser’s knowledge, these services
are generally made available to institutional investors doing business with such broker-
dealers. The Adviser does not believe that it “pays-up” for such broker-dealers’ services
in connection with receiving free research.
Aggregation of Client Trades
The purchase or sale of Securities may be aggregated for various Funds to the
extent that more than one Fund is acquiring or selling Securities in the same portfolio
company. Where a sale opportunity is identified for an investment held by two or more
Funds, the opportunity will be allocated in accordance with the applicable Partnership
Agreements and the Compliance with Fund Investment Policies and Allocating
Investment and Sale Opportunities Policy described in Item 11 above. The Adviser will
generally aggregate the Securities that are to be disposed of if that is the most efficient
means to dispose of the Securities.
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The investments made by the Funds are generally private, illiquid and long-term
in nature. Accordingly, the Fund review process is not directed toward a short term
decision to dispose of Securities. However, the Adviser’s investment professionals
closely monitor companies in which the Funds invest and generally maintain an ongoing
oversight position in such companies (including, where relevant, representation on the
board of directors of such companies). In addition, portfolio company deal teams
generally conduct extensive monthly operating reviews with the management team of the
portfolio company. Moreover, intensive reviews are led by the Operating Partners and
Senior Advisors periodically. Furthermore, all portfolio companies are typically reviewed
at financial professional meetings on a weekly basis and an in-depth review is conducted
at firm-wide meetings that are held at least twice a year.
Limited Partners in all of the Funds receive annual audited financial statements.
Additionally, Limited Partners in certain Funds receive quarterly unaudited financial
reports in accordance with the Partnership Agreements of such Funds.
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Certain Funds have compensated one or more placement agents in accordance
with the Partnership Agreements of such Funds in connection with the marketing and sale
of interests in such Funds. The Partnership Agreements provide that the Management
Fees are subject to reduction for contributions made by Limited Partners to the Fund to
pay any placement fees paid or payable by such Funds (with the result that placement
fees are borne by the Adviser).
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The Adviser has access to client (i.e., the Funds’) accounts since its affiliates
serve as the general partners of the Funds. Limited Partners will not receive statements
from any custodians. Instead, the Funds are subject to an annual audit by an independent
public accountant that is registered with, and subject to regular inspection by, the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board. The audited financial statements are prepared in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and distributed to each investor
within 120 days of each Fund’s fiscal year end.
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The Adviser has discretion to recommend investments for each Fund to the
general partner of the Fund without the consent of the Limited Partners, subject to the
limitations set forth in the Management Agreement and/or Partnership Agreement of such
Fund. However, the management and the conduct of the activities of each Fund remain
the ultimate responsibility of such Fund’s general partner, each of which is an affiliate of
the Adviser.
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The Adviser has adopted written policies and procedures regarding proxy voting
(the “Proxy Voting Policy”) as part of the Code of Ethics, as set forth below. The Funds
invest primarily in private companies, which typically do not issue proxies. When the
Adviser receives proxies in connection with publicly traded portfolio companies of the
Funds, it is the Adviser’s policy to exercise the proxy vote in the best interest of the
applicable Fund, taking into consideration all relevant factors, including without
limitation, acting in a manner that the Adviser believes will maximize the economic
benefits to the Fund and promote sound corporate governance by the issuer. Whenever
the Adviser is required to exercise a vote for a privately-held portfolio company, the
Adviser applies the same standards and procedures. The Adviser seeks to avoid material
conflicts of interest between its own interests on the one hand, and the interests of the
Funds on the other.
The Adviser generally has a representative on the board of directors of a portfolio
company, and proxies are typically (but not always) cast in accordance with board
recommendations. In situations where the Adviser is required to vote the proxy for a
company in which related persons of the Adviser serve on the board of directors, the
Adviser has determined that this does not inherently present a conflict of interest, as the
sole purpose of this representation is to maximize the return on a Fund’s investment in
such company.
All conflicts of interest related to proxy voting will be resolved in a manner
consistent with the best interests of the relevant Fund. In situations where the Adviser’s
Chief Compliance Officer or compliance committee perceives a material conflict of
interest, the Adviser may: (
i) disclose the conflict to the relevant Fund and obtain such
Fund’s informed consent (including, where applicable, via the Limited Partner advisory
committee of the Fund) as to the fact that a material conflict exists in voting the Fund’s
proxy in the manner favored by the Adviser; (
ii) defer to the voting recommendation of
another independent third party provider of proxy services; (
iii) require a Limited Partner
vote for the relevant Fund; or (
iv) take such other action in good faith that would protect
the interests of the relevant Fund.
Any Limited Partner may obtain a copy of the Adviser’s complete Proxy Voting
Policy, information with respect to a specific proxy vote, or the Adviser’s full voting
record upon request.
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Registered investment advisers are required in this Item to provide clients with
certain financial information or disclosures about the Adviser’s financial condition. The
Adviser has no financial commitments that impair its ability to meet its contractual or
fiduciary commitments to the Funds. The Adviser has not been the subject of a
bankruptcy proceeding.
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